{"rowid": 82, "title": "Being Prepared To Contribute", "contents": "\u201cYou\u2019ll figure it out.\u201d The advice my dad gives has always been the same, whether addressing my grade school homework or paying bills after college. If I was looking for a shortcut, my dad wasn\u2019t going to be the one to provide it.\n\nWhen I was a kid it infuriated the hell out of me, but what I then perceived to be a lack of understanding turned out to be a keystone in my upbringing. As an adult, I realize the value in not receiving outright solutions, but being forced to figure things out. \n\nEven today, when presented with a roadblock while building for the web, I am temped to get by with the help of the latest grid system, framework, polyfill, or plugin. In and of themselves these resources are harmless, but before I can drop them in, those damn words still echo in the back of my mind: \u201cYou\u2019ll figure it out.\u201d\n\nI know that if I blindly implement these tools as drag and drop solutions I fail to understand the intricacies behind how and why they were built; repeatedly using them as shortcuts handicaps my skill set. When I solely rely on the tools of others, my work is at their mercy, leaving me less creative and resourceful, and, thus, less able to contribute to the advancement of our industry and community. \n\nOne of my favorite things about this community is how generous and collaborative it can be. I\u2019ve loved seeing FitVids used all over the web and regularly improved upon at Github. I bet we can all think of a time where implementing a shared resource has benefitted our own work and sanity. Because these resources are so valuable, it\u2019s important that we continue to be a part of the conversation in order to further develop solutions and ideas. It\u2019s easy to assume there\u2019s someone smarter or more up-to-date in any one area, but with a degree of understanding and perspective, we can all participate. \n\nThis open form of collaboration is in our web DNA. After all, its primary purpose was to promote the exchange and development of new ideas.\n\n\n\tTim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier \u201cEnquire\u201d work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents.\n\n\nI\u2019m delighted to find that this spirit of collaborative ingenuity is alive and well on the web today. Take the story of Off Canvas as an example. I was at an ATX Dribbble meet up where I met Jason Weaver and chatted to him about his recent work on the responsive layout prototype, Off Canvas. Jason said he came across a post by Luke Wroblewski outlining the idea and saw this:\n\n\n\tIf anyone is interested in building a complete example of this approach using responsive Web design techniques, let me know!\n\n\nFrom there Luke recounts: \n\n\n\tWe went back and forth on email, with me laying out ideas and Jason doing all the hard work to see if they can be done and improving them bit by bit! Once we got to something we both liked, I wrote up an article explaining things and he hosted the examples.\n\n\nLuke took the time to clearly outline and diagram his ideas, and Jason responded with a solid proof of concept that has evolved into a tool we all have at our disposal. Victory!\n\nI have also benefitted from comrades who have taken an idea of mine into development. After blogging about some concerns in regards to maintaining hierarchy as media queries are used to shift layouts, Jordan Moore rebounded with some responsive demos where he used flexbox to (re)order content as viewport sizing changes.\n\nSimilar stories can be found behind the development of things like FitVids, FitText, and Molten Leading. I love this pattern of collaboration because it involves a fairly specific process:\n\n\n\tInitial idea or prototype is outlined or built, then shared\n\tDiscuss\n\tSomeone develops or improves it, then shares it\n\tDiscuss\n\tSomeone else develops or improves it, then shares it.\n\tInfinity.\n\n\nThis is what the web looks like when we build it together, and I\u2019d argue that steps 2+ are absolutely crucial. A web where everyone develops their own ideas and tools independent of one another is like a room full of people talking and no one listening. \n\n\n\nThe pattern itself mimics a literal web structure, and ideally we\u2019d be able to follow a strand from one idea to the next and so on.\n\nBlessed are the curators\n\nSometimes those lines aren\u2019t easy to find or follow. Thankfully, there are people who painstakingly log each experiment and index much of what\u2019s out there. Chris Coyier does this with CSS in general, and Brad Frost is doing this for responsive and multi-device design with his Pattern Library. Seriously, take a look at this page and imagine what it would take to find, track and organize the progression of each of these resources yourself. I\u2019d argue that ongoing collections like these are more valuable than the sum of their parts when they are updated regularly as opposed to a top ten tips blog post format.\n\nHere\u2019s my soapbox\n\nHere are a few things I appreciate about how things are shared and contributed online. And yes, I could do way better at all of them myself.\n\n\n\tConcise write-ups: honor others\u2019 time by getting to the point. Not every idea or solution needs two thousand words to convey fully. I love long-form posts, but there\u2019s a time and a place for them.\n\tVisual aids: if a quick illustration, screenshot, or graphic helps illustrate your point or problem, yes please.\n\n\nBy the way, Luke Wroblewski rules the school on both of these.\n\n\n\tDemo it: host it yourself, or put it on CodePen or JS Bin for others to see.\n\tPut it on Github: share and improve with the rest of the community. Consider, however, that because someone puts something on Github doesn\u2019t mean they\u2019re forever bound to provide support or instruction.\n\n\nThis isn\u2019t a call for everyone to learn everything all the time, but if you\u2019re curious or interested in something, skip the shortcut and get your hands dirty: sketch, prototype, question, debate, fork, and share. Figuring these things out on our own makes us valuable contributors to the web \u2013 the thing that ultimately we\u2019re all trying to figure out together.", "year": "2012", "author": "Trent Walton", "author_slug": "trentwalton", "published": "2012-12-03T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2012/being-prepared-to-contribute/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 39, "title": "Meet for Learning", "contents": "\u201cI\u2019ve never worked in a place like this,\u201d said one of my direct reports during our daily stand-up meeting.\n\nAnd with that statement, my mind raced to the most important thing about lawyering that I\u2019ve learned from decades of watching lawyers lawyer on TV: don\u2019t ask a question you don\u2019t know the answer to.\n\nBut I couldn\u2019t stop myself. I wanted to learn more. The thought developed in my mind. The words formed in my mouth. And the vocalization occurred: \u201cA place like this?\u201d\n\n\u201cI\u2019ve never worked where people are so honest and transparent about things.\u201d\n\nDesigning a learning-centered culture\n\nBefore we started Center Centre, Jared Spool and I discussed both the larger goals and the smaller details of this new UX design school. We talked about things like user experience, curriculum, and structure.\n\nWe discussed the pattern we saw in our research. Hiring managers told us time and again that great designers have excellent technical and interpersonal skills. But, more importantly, the best designers are lifelong learners\u2014they are willing and able to learn how to do new things. Learning this led us to ask a critical question: how would we intentionally design a learning-centered experience?\n\nTo craft the experience we were aiming for, we knew we had to create a learning-centered culture for our students and our employees. We knew that our staff would need to model the behaviors our students needed to learn. We knew the best way to shape the culture was to work with our direct reports\u2014our directs\u2014to develop the behaviors we wanted them to exemplify.\n\nTo craft the experience we were aiming for, we knew we had to create a learning-centered culture for our students and our employees. We knew that our staff would need to model the behaviors our students needed to learn.\n\nBuilding a learning team\n\nOur learning-centered culture starts with our staff. We believe in transparency. Transparency builds trust. Effective organizations have effective teams who trust each other as individuals.\n\nOne huge way we build that trust and provide opportunities for transparency is in our meetings. (I know, I know\u2014meetings! Yuck!) But seriously, running and participating in effective meetings is a great opportunity to build a learning-centered culture.\n\nMeetings\u2014when done well\u2014allow individuals time to come together, to share, and to listen. These behaviors, executed on a consistent and regular basis, build honest and trusting relationships.\n\nAn effective meeting is one that achieves the desired outcomes of that meeting. While different meetings aim for different results, at Center Centre all meetings have a secondary goal: meet for learning.\n\nA framework for learning-centered meetings\n\nWe\u2019ve developed a framework for our meetings. We use it for all our meetings, which means attendees know what to expect. It also saves us from reinventing the wheel in each meeting.\n\nThese basic steps help our meetings focus on the valuable face-to-face interaction we\u2019re having, and help us truly begin to learn from one another.\n\n An agenda for a staff meeting.\n\nUse effective meeting basics\n\n\n\tPrepare for the meeting before the meeting.\n\tIf you\u2019re running the meeting, prepare a typed agenda and share it before the meeting. Agendas have start times for each item.\n\tStart the meeting on time. Don\u2019t wait for stragglers.\n\tDefine ground rules. Get input from attendees. Recurring meetings don\u2019t have to do this every time.\n\tKeep to the meeting agenda. Put off-topic questions and ideas in a parking lot, a visual document that everyone can see, so you can address the questions and ideas later.\n\tFinish on time. And if you\u2019ve reached the meeting\u2019s goals, finish early.\n\n\n Parking lots where ideas on sticky notes can be posted for later consideration.\n\nFocus to learn\n\n\n\tHave tech-free meetings: no laptops, no phones, no things with notifications.\n\tBring a notebook and a pen.\n\tTake notes by hand. You\u2019re not taking minutes, you\u2019re writing to learn.\n\n\nCome with a learning mindset\n\n\n\tAsk: what are our goals for this meeting? (Hopefully answered by the meeting agenda.)\n\tAsk: what can I learn overall?\n\tAsk: what can I learn from each of my colleagues?\n\tAsk: what can I share that will help the team learn overall?\n\tAsk: what can I share that will help each of my colleagues learn?\n\n\nInvesting in regularly scheduled learning-centered meetings\n\nAt Center Centre, we have two types of recurring all-staff meetings: daily stand-ups and weekly staff meetings. (We are a small organization, so it makes sense to meet as an entire group.)\n\nYes, that means we spend thirty minutes each day in stand-up, for a total of two and a half hours of stand-up meeting time each week. And, yes, we also have a weekly ninety-minute sit-down staff meeting on top of that. This investment in time is an investment in learning.\n\nWe use these meetings to build our transparency, and, therefore, our trust. The regularity of these meetings helps us maintain ongoing, open sharing about our responsibilities, our successes, and our learning.\n\nFor instance, we answer five questions in our stand-up:\n\n\n\tWhat did I get done since the last stand-up (I reported at)?\n\tWhat is my goal to accomplish before the next stand-up?\n\tWhat\u2019s preventing me from getting these things done, if anything?\n\tWhat\u2019s the highest risk or most unknown thing right now about what I\u2019m trying to get done?\n\tWhat is the most important thing I learned since the last time we met and how will what I learned change the way I approach things in the future?\n\n\nEach person writes out their answers to these questions before the meeting. Each person brings their answers printed on paper to the meeting. And each person brings a pen to jot down notes.\n\n Notes compiled for a stand-up meeting.\n\nDuring the stand-up, each person shares their answers to the five questions. To sustain a learning-centered culture, the fifth question is the most important question to answer. It allows individual reflection focused on learning. Sometimes this isn\u2019t an easy question to answer. It makes us stretch. It makes us think.\n\nBy sharing our individual answers to the fifth question, we open ourselves up to the group. When we honestly share what we\u2019ve learned, we openly admit that we didn\u2019t know something. Sharing like this would be scary (and even risky) if we didn\u2019t have a learning-centered culture.\n\nWe often share the actual process of how we learned something. By listening, each of us is invited to learn more about the topic at hand, consider what more there is to learn about that topic, and even gain insights into other methods of learning\u2014which can be applied to other topics.\n\nSharing the answers to the fifth question also allows opportunities for further conversations. We often take what someone has individually learned and find ways to apply it for our entire team in support of our organization. We are, after all, learning together.\n\nBuilding individual learners\n\nWe strive to grow together as a team at Center Centre, but we don\u2019t lose sight of the importance of the individuals who form our team. As individuals, we bring our goals, dreams, abilities, and prior knowledge to the team.\n\nTo build learning teams, we must build individual learners. A team made up of lifelong learners, who share their learning and learn from each other, is a team that will continually produce better results.\n\nAs a manager, I need to meet each direct where they are with their current abilities and knowledge. Then, I can help them take their skills and knowledge base to the next levels. This process requires each individual direct to engage in professional development.\n\nWe believe effective managers help their directs engage in behaviors that support growth and development. Effective managers encourage and support learning.\n\n\n\nOur weekly one-on-ones\n\nOne way we encourage learning is through weekly one-on-ones. Each of my directs meets with me, individually, for thirty minutes each week. The meeting is their meeting. It is not my meeting.\n\nMy direct sets the agenda. They talk about what they want to talk about. They can talk about work. They can talk about things outside of work. They can talk about their health, their kids, and even their cat. Whatever is important to them is important to me. I listen. I take notes.\n\nAlthough the direct sets the specific agenda, the meeting has three main parts. Approximately ten minutes for them (the direct), ten minutes for me (the manager), and ten minutes for us to talk about their future within\u2014and beyond\u2014our organization.\n\nCoaching for future performance\n\nThe final third of our one-on-one is when I coach my directs. Coaching looks to the direct\u2019s future performance. It focuses on developing the direct\u2019s skills.\n\nCoaching isn\u2019t hard. It doesn\u2019t take much time. For me, it usually takes less than five minutes a week during a one-on-one.\n\nThe first time I coach one of my directs, I ask them to brainstorm about the skills they want to improve. They usually already have an idea about this. It\u2019s often something they\u2019ve wanted to work on for some time, but didn\u2019t think they had the time or the knowhow to improve.\n\nIf a direct doesn\u2019t know what they want to improve, we discuss their job responsibilities\u2014specifically the aspects of the job that concern them.\n\nCoaching provides an opportunity for me to ask, \u201cIn your job, what are the required skills that you feel like you don\u2019t have (or know well enough, or perform effectively, or use with ease)?\u201d\n\nSometimes I have to remind a direct that it\u2019s okay not to know how to do something (even if it\u2019s a required part of their job). After all, our organization is a learning organization. In a learning organization, no one knows everything but everyone is willing to learn anything.\n\nAfter we review the job responsibilities together, I ask my direct what skill they\u2019d like to work to improve. Whatever they choose, we focus on that skill for coaching\u2014I\u2019ve found my directs work better when they\u2019re internally motivated.\n\nSometimes the first time I talk with a direct about coaching, they get a bit anxious. If this happens, I share a personal story about my professional learning journey. I say something like:\n\n\n\tI didn\u2019t know how to make a school before we started to make Center Centre.\n\n\tI didn\u2019t know how to manage an entire team of people\u2014day in and day out\u2014until I started managing a team of people every day.\n\n\tWhen I realized that I was the boss\u2014and that the success of the school would hinge, at least in part, on my skills as a manager\u2014I was a bit terrified. I was missing an important skill set that I needed to know (and I needed to know well).\n\n\tWhen I first understood this, I felt bad\u2014like I should have already known how to be a great manager. But then I realized, I\u2019d never faced this situation. I\u2019d never needed to know how to use this skill set in this way.\n\n\tI worked through my anxiety about feeling inadequate. I decided I\u2019d better learn how to be an effective manager because the school needed me to be one. You needed me to be one.\n\n\tEvery day, I work to improve my management skills. You\u2019ve probably noticed that some days I\u2019m better at it than others. I try not to beat myself up about this, although it\u2019s hard\u2014I\u2019d like to be perfect at it. But I\u2019m not.\n\n\tI know that if I make a conscious, daily effort to learn how to be a better manager, I\u2019ll continue to improve. So that\u2019s what I do.\n\n\tEvery day I learn. I learn by doing. I learn how to be better than I was the day before. That\u2019s what I ask of you.\n\n\nOnce we determine the skill the direct wants to learn, we figure out how they can go about learning it. I ask: \u201cHow could you learn this skill?\u201d\n\nWe brainstorm for two or three minutes about this. We write down every idea that comes to mind, and we write it so both of us can easily see the options (both whiteboards and sticky notes on the wall work well for this exercise).\n\n\n\tRead a book. Research online. Watch a virtual seminar. Listen to a podcast. Talk to a mentor. Reach out to an expert. Attend a conference. Shadow someone else while they do the skill. Join a professional organization.\n\n\nThe goal is to get the direct on a path of self-development. I\u2019m coaching their development, but I\u2019m not the main way my direct will learn this new skill.\n\nI ask my direct which path seems like the best place to start. I let them choose whatever option they want (as long as it works with our budget). They are more likely to follow through if they are in control of this process.\n\nNext, we work to break down the selected path into tasks. We only plan one week\u2019s worth of tasks. The tasks are small, and the deadlines are short. My direct reports when each task is completed.\n\nAt our next one-on-one, I ask my direct about their experience learning this new skill.\n\nRinse. Repeat.\n\nThat\u2019s it. I spend five minutes a week talking with each direct about their individual learning. They develop their professional skills, and together we\u2019re creating a learning-centered culture.\n\nAsking questions I don\u2019t know the answer to\n\nWhen my direct said, \u201cI\u2019ve never worked where people are so honest and transparent about things,\u201d it led me to believe that all this is working. We are building a learning-centered culture.\n\nThis week I was reminded that creating a learning-centered culture starts not just with the staff, but with me. When I challenge myself to learn and then share what I\u2019m currently learning, my directs want to learn more about what I\u2019m learning about.\n\nFor example, I decided I needed to improve my writing skills. A few weeks ago, I realized that I was sorely out of practice and I felt like I had lost my voice. So I started to write. I put words on paper. I felt overwhelmed. I felt like I didn\u2019t know how to write anymore (at least not well or effectively).\n\nI bought some books on writing (mostly Peter Elbow\u2019s books like Writing with Power, Writing Without Teachers, and Vernacular Eloquence), and I read them. I read them all. Reading these books was part of my personal coaching. I used the same steps to coach myself as I use with my directs when I coach them.\n\nIn stand-ups, I started sharing what I accomplished (like I completed one of the books) and what I learned by doing\u2014specific things, like engaging in freewriting and an open-ended writing process.\n\nThis week, I went to lunch with one of my directs. She said, \u201cYou\u2019ve been talking about freewriting a lot. You\u2019re really excited about it. Freewriting seems like it\u2019s helping your writing process. Would you tell me more about it?\u201d\n\nSo I shared the details with her. I shared the reasons why I think freewriting is helping. I\u2019m not focused on perfection. Instead, each day I\u2019m focused on spending ten, uninterrupted minutes writing down whatever comes to my mind. It\u2019s opening my writing mind. It\u2019s allowing my words to flow more freely. And it\u2019s helping me feel less self-conscious about my writing.\n\nShe said, \u201cLeslie, when you say you\u2019re self-conscious about your writing, I laugh. Not because it\u2019s funny. But because when I read what you write, I think, \u2018What is there to improve?\u2019 I think you\u2019re a great writer. It\u2019s interesting to know that you think you can be a better writer. I like learning about your learning process. I think I could do freewriting. I\u2019m going to give it a try.\u201d\n\nThere\u2019s something magical about all of this. I\u2019m not even sure I can eloquently put it into words. I just know that our working environment is something very different. I\u2019ve never experienced anything quite like it. Somehow, by sharing that I don\u2019t know everything and that I\u2019m always working to learn more, I invite my directs to be really open about what they don\u2019t know. And they see it\u2019s possible always to learn and grow.\n\nI\u2019m glad I ignore all the lawyering I\u2019ve learned from watching TV. I\u2019m glad I ask the questions I don\u2019t know the answers to. And I\u2019m glad my directs do the same. When we meet for learning, we accelerate and amplify the learning process\u2014building individual learners and learning teams. Embracing the unknown and working toward understanding is what makes our culture a learning-centered culture.\n\nPhotos by Summer Kohlhorst.", "year": "2014", "author": "Leslie Jensen-Inman", "author_slug": "lesliejenseninman", "published": "2014-12-20T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/meet-for-learning/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 207, "title": "Want to Break Out of Comparison Syndrome? Do a Media Detox", "contents": "\u201cComparison is the thief of joy.\u201d\n\u2014Theodore Roosevelt\n\nI grew up in an environment of perpetual creativity and inventiveness. My father Dennis built and flew experimental aircraft as a hobby. During my entire childhood, there was an airplane fuselage in the garage instead of a car. My mother Deloria was a self-taught master artisan who could quickly acquire any skills that it took to work with fabric and weaving. She could sew any garment she desired, and was able to weave intricate wall hangings just by looking at a black and white photos in magazines. My older sister Diane blossomed into a consummate fine artist who drew portraits with uncanny likeness, painted murals, and studied art and architecture. In addition, she loved good food and had a genius for cooking and baking, which converged in her creating remarkable art pieces out of cake that were incredibly delicious to boot. Yes. This was the household in which I grew up.\nWhile there were countless positives to being surrounded by people who were compelled to create, there was also a downside to it. I incessantly compared myself to my parents and older sister and always found myself lacking.\nIt wasn\u2019t a fair comparison, but tell that to a sensitive kid who wanted to fit in to her family by being creative as well. From my early years throughout my teens, I convinced myself that I would never understand how to build an airplane or at least be as proficient with tools as my father, the aeronautical engineer. Even though my sister was six years older than I was, I lamented that I would never be as good a visual artist as she was. And I marveled at my mother\u2019s seemingly magical ability to make and tailor clothes and was certain that I would never attain her level of mastery.\nThis habit of comparing myself to others grew over the years, continuing to subtly and effectively undermine my sense of self. I had almost reached an uneasy truce with my comparison habit when social media happened.\nAs an early adopter of Twitter, I loved staying connected to people I met at tech conferences. However, as I began to realize my aspirations of being an author and a speaker, Twitter became a dreaded hall of mirrors where I only saw distorted reflections of my lack of achievement in other people\u2019s success. Every person announcing a publishing deal caused me to drown under waves of envy over the imagined size of her or his book advance as I struggled to pay my mortgage. Every announcement I read of someone speaking at a conference led to thoughts of, \u201cI wish I were speaking at that conference \u2013 I must not be good enough to be invited.\u201d Twitter was fertile ground for my Inner Critic to run rampant.\nOne day in 2011, my comparisons to people who I didn\u2019t even know rose to a fever pitch. I saw a series of tweets that sparked a wave of self-loathing so profound that I spent the day sobbing and despondent, as I chastised myself for being a failure. I had fallen into the deep pit of Comparison Syndrome, and to return to anything close to being productive took a day or two of painstakingly clawing my way out.\nComparison Syndrome Takes Deficiency Anxiety to Eleven\nDo any of these scenarios ring true?\n\nYou frequently feel like a failure when viewing the success of others.\nYou feel dispirited and paralyzed in moving forward with your own work because it will never measure up to what others have done.\nYou discount your ideas because you fear that they aren\u2019t as good as those of your colleagues or industry peers.\n\nAre you making yourself miserable by thinking thoughts like these?\n\n\u201cI\u2019m surrounded by people who are so good at what they do, how can I possibly measure up?\u201d\n\u201cCompared to my partner, my musical ability is childish \u2013 and music is no longer fun.\u201d\n\u201cWhy haven\u2019t I accomplished more by now? My peers are so much more successful than I am.\u201d\n\nUnenviable Envy\nMany people use the terms envy and jealousy interchangeably, but they are two distinct emotions. Jealousy is the fear of losing someone to a perceived rival: a threat to an important relationship and the parts of the self that are served by that relationship. Jealousy is always about the relationship between three people. Envy is wanting what another has because of a perceived shortcoming on your part. Envy is always based on a social comparison to another.1\nEnvy is a reaction to the feeling of lacking something. Envy always reflects something we feel about ourselves, about how we are somehow deficient in qualities, possessions, or success.2 It\u2019s based on a scarcity mentality: the idea that there is only so much to go around, and another person got something that should rightfully be yours.3\nA syndrome is a condition characterized by a set of associated symptoms. I call it Comparison Syndrome because a perceived deficiency of some sort \u2013 in talent, accomplishments, success, skills, etc. \u2013 is what initially sparks it. While at the beginning you may merely feel inadequate, the onset of the syndrome will bring additional symptoms. Lack of self-trust and feelings of low self-worth will fuel increased thoughts of not-enoughness and blindness to your unique brilliance. If left unchecked, Deficiency Anxieties can escalate to full-blown Comparison Syndrome: a form of the Inner Critic in which we experience despair from envy and define ourselves as failures in light of another\u2019s success.\nThe irony is that when we focus so much on what we lack, we can\u2019t see what we have in abundance that the other person doesn\u2019t have. And in doing so, we block what is our birthright: our creative expression. Envy shackles our creativity, keeps us trapped in place, and prevents forward movement. The Inner Critic in the form of Comparison Syndrome caused by envy blocks us from utilizing our gifts, seeing our path clearly, and reveling in our creative power.\nIn order to keep a grip on reality and not fall into the abyss of Comparison Syndrome, we\u2019ll quell the compulsion to compare before it happens: we will free the mental bandwidth to turn our focus inward so we can start to see ourselves clearly. \nBreak the Compulsion to Compare\n\n\u201cWhy compare yourself with others? No one in the entire world can do a better job of being you than you.\u201d\n\u2014 Krystal Volney, poet and author\n\nAt some point in time, many of us succumb to moments of feeling that we are lacking and comparing ourselves unfavorably to others. As social animals, much of our self-definition comes from comparison with others. This is how our personalities develop. We learn this behavior as children, and we grow up being compared to siblings, peers, and kids in the media. Because of this, the belief that somehow, someway, we aren\u2019t good enough becomes deeply ingrained. The problem is that whenever we deem ourselves to be \u201cless than,\u201d our self-esteem suffers. This creates a negative feedback loop where negative thoughts produce strong emotions that result in self-defeating behaviors that beget more negative thoughts.\nCouple this cycle with the messages we get from society that only \u201cgifted\u201d people are creative, and it\u2019s no wonder that many of us will fall down the rabbit hole of Comparison Syndrome like I did on that fated day while reading tweets. Comparing ourselves to others is worse than a zero-sum game, it\u2019s a negative-sum game. No one wins, our self-esteem deteriorates, and our creative spark dies out.\nWith effort, we can break the compulsion to compare and stop the decline into Comparison Syndrome by turning the focus of comparison inward to ourselves and appreciating who we\u2019ve become. But first, we need to remove some of the instances that trigger our comparisons in the first place.\nArrest: Stop the Triggers\n\n\u201cRight discipline consists, not in external compulsion, but in the habits of mind which lead spontaneously to desirable rather than undesirable activities.\u201d\n\u2014 Bertrand Russell, philosopher\n\nAfter my Twitter post meltdown, I knew had to make a change. While bolstering my sense of self was clearly a priority, I also knew that my ingrained comparison habit was too strong to resist and that I needed to instill discipline. I decided then and there to establish boundaries with social media.\nFirst, to maintain my sanity, I took this on as my mantra:\n\u201cI will not compare myself to strangers on the Internet or acquaintances on Facebook.\u201d\nIf you find yourself sliding down the slippery slope of social media comparison, you can do the same: repeat this mantra to yourself to help put on the brakes.\nSecond, in order to reduce my triggers, I stopped reading the tweets of the people I followed. However, I continued to be active on Twitter through sharing information, responding to mentions, crowdsourcing, and direct messaging people. It worked! The only time I\u2019d start to slip into darkness were the rare instances when I would break my rules and look at my Twitstream.\nBut we can do even more than calm ourselves with helpful mantras. Just like my example of modifying my use of Twitter, and more recently, of separating myself from Facebook, you can get some distance from the media that activates your comparison reflex and start creating the space for other habits that are more supportive to your being to take its place.\nCreative Dose: Trigger-free and Happy\nPurpose: To stop comparison triggers in their tracks\nMindfulness is a wonderful tool, but sometimes you have to get hardcore and do as much as you can to eliminate distractions so that you can first hear your own thoughts in order to know which ones you need to focus on.\nHere are four steps to becoming trigger-free and happier.\nStep 1: Make a List\nPay attention when you get the most triggered and hooked.\nIs it on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or Snapchat?\nIs it YouTube, TV shows, or magazines?\nMake list of your top triggers.\nMy primary trigger is:______________________________________\nMy second trigger is:______________________________________\nMy third trigger is:______________________________________\nNow that you have your list, you need to get an idea just how often you\u2019re getting triggered.\nStep 2: Monitor\nIt\u2019s easy to think that we should track our activity on the computer, but these days, it\u2019s no longer our computer use that is the culprit: most of us access social media and news from our phones. Fortunately, there are apps that will track the usage for both.\nSeeing just how much you consume media from either or both will show you how much of an accomplice the use of devices is to your comparison syndrome, and how much you need to modify your behavior accordingly.\nFor tracking both computer use and tablet use, this app works great:\n\nRescueTime.com tracks app usage and sends a productivity report at the end of the week via email.\n\nFor your phone, there are many for either platform.4 Although I recommend fully researching what is available and will work for you best, here are a few recommendations:\n\nFor both platforms: Offtime, Breakfree, Checky\nFor Android only: Flipd, AppDetox, QualityTime, Stay On Task\nFor iOS only: Moment\n\nInstall your app of choice, and see what you find. How much time are you spending on sites or apps that compel you to compare?\nStep 3: Just Say No\nNow that you know what your triggers are and how much you\u2019re exposing yourself to them, it\u2019s time to say No.\nPut yourself on a partial social media and/or media detox for a specified period of time; consider even going for a full media detox.5 I recommend starting with one month.\nTo help you to fully commit, I recommend writing this down and posting it where you can see it.\nI, ___________________, commit to avoiding my comparison triggers \nof ___________________, ___________________, and ___________________ \nfor the period of ___________________, \nstarting on ___________________ and ending on ___________________ .\nTo help you out, I\u2019ve created a social media detox commitment sheet for you.\nStep 4: Block\nWhen I decided to reduce my use of Twitter and Facebook to break my comparison habit, initially I tried to rely solely on self-discipline, which was only moderately successful. Then I realized that I could use the power of technology to help. Don\u2019t think you have to rely upon sheer willpower to block, or at least limit, your exposure to known triggers. If your primary access to the items that cause you to compare yourself to others is via computers and other digitalia, use these devices to help maintain your mental equilibrium.\nHere are some apps and browser extensions that you can use during your media detox to help keep yourself sane and stay away from sites that could throw you into a comparison tailspin.\nThese apps are installed onto your computer:\n\nRescueTime.com works on both computer and mobile devices, and does a lot more than just prevent you from going to sites that will ruin your concentration, it will also track your apps usage and give you a productivity report at the end of the week.\nFocus and SelfControl (Mac-only)\n\nTo go right to the source and prevent you from visiting sites through your browser, there are browser extensions.\nNot only can you put in the list of the URLs that are your points of weakness, but you can also usually set the times of the day you need the self-control the most.\n\nGoogle Chrome: StayFocusd, Strict Workflow, and Website Blocker\nFirefox: Idderall and Leechblock\nSafari: WasteNoTime and MindfulBrowsing\nEdge (or Explorer): Unfortunately, there are currently no website blocking extensions for these browsers.\n\nI currently use a browser extension to block me from using Facebook between 9:00am \u2013 6:00pm. It\u2019s been a boon for my sanity: I compare tons less. A bonus is that it\u2019s been terrific for my productivity as well. \nWhich tool will you use for your media detox time? Explore them all and then settle upon the one(s) that will work the best for you. Install it and put it to work.\nDespite the tool, you will still need to exercise discipline. Resist the urge to browse Instagram or Facebook while waiting for your morning train. You can do it!\nStep 5: Relax\nInstead of panicking from FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), take comfort from this thought: what you don\u2019t know won\u2019t affect you. Start embracing JOMO (Joy of Missing Out), and the process of rebuilding and maintaining your sanity.\nWhat will you do instead of consuming the media that compels you to\ncompare? Here are some ideas:\n\nRead a book \nGo for a walk \nHave dinner with a friend \nGo watch a movie \nLearn how to play the harmonica \nTake an improv class\n\nReally, you could do anything. And depending on how much of your time and attention you\u2019ve devoted to media, you could be recapturing a lot of lost moments, minutes, hours, and days.\nStep 6: Reconnect\nUse your recovered time and attention to focus on your life and reconnect with your true value-driven goals, higher aspirations, and activities that you\u2019ve always wanted to do.\n\nThis article is an excerpt from the book Banish Your Inner Critic by Denise Jacobs, and has been reprinted with permission. If you\u2019d like to read more, you can find the book on Amazon.\n\n\n\n\nShane Parrish, \u201cMental Model: Bias from Envy and Jealousy,\u201d Farnam Street, accessed February 9, 2017.\u00a0\u21a9\n\n\nParrish, \u201cMental Model: Bias from Envy and Jealousy.\u201d\u00a0\u21a9\n\n\nHenrik Edberg, \u201cHow to Overcome Envy: 5 Effective Tips,\u201d Practical Happiness Advice That Works | The Positivity Blog, accessed February 9, 2017.\u00a0\u21a9\n\n\nJeremy Golden, \u201c6 Apps to Stop Your Smartphone Addiction,\u201d Inc.com, accessed February 10, 2017.\u00a0\u21a9\n\n\nEmily Nickerson, \u201cHow to Silence the Voice of Doubt,\u201d The Muse, accessed February 8, 2017.\u00a0\u21a9", "year": "2017", "author": "Denise Jacobs", "author_slug": "denisejacobs", "published": "2017-12-19T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2017/do-a-media-detox/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 199, "title": "Knowing the Future - Tips for a Happy Launch Day", "contents": "You\u2019ve chosen your frameworks and libraries. You\u2019ve learned how to write code which satisfies the buzzword and performance gods. Now you need to serve it to a global audience, and make things easy to preview, to test, to sign-off, and to evolve.\nBut infrastructure design is difficult and boring for most of us. We just want to get our work out into the wild.\nIf only we had tools which would let us go, \u201cOh yeah! It all deploys perfectly every time\u201d and shout, \u201cYou need another release? BAM! What\u2019s next?\u201d\nA truth that can be hard to admit is that very often, the production environment and its associated deployment processes are poorly defined until late into a project. This can be a problem.\nIt makes my palms sweaty just thinking about it.\nIf like me, you have spent time building things for clients, you\u2019ll probably have found yourself working with a variety of technical partners and customers who bring different constraints and opportunities to your projects. Knowing and proving the environments and the deployment processes is often very difficult, but can be a factor which profoundly impacts our ability to deliver what we promised. To say nothing of our ability to sleep at night or leave our fingernails un-chewed.\nLet\u2019s look at this a little, and see if we can\u2019t set you up for a good night\u2019s sleep, with dry palms and tidy fingernails.\nA familiar problem\nYou\u2019ve been here too, right? The project development was tough, but you\u2019re pleased with what you are running in your local development environments. Now you need to get the client to see and approve your build, and hopefully indicate with a cheery thumbs up that it can \u201cgo live\u201d.\n\nChances are that we have a staging environment where the client can see the build. But be honest, is this exactly the same as the production environment? It should be, but often it\u2019s not. Often the staging environment is nothing more than a visible server with none of the optimisations, security, load balancing, caching, and other vital bits of machinery that we\u2019ll need (and need to test) in \u201cprod\u201d.\nOften the production environment is still being \u201cset up\u201d and you\u2019ll have to wait and see.\nIn development, \u201cwait and see\u201d is the enemy.\nInstead of waiting to see, we need to make the provisioning of, and deployment to our different environments one of the very first jobs of our project. I\u2019ve often needed to be the unpopular voice in the room who makes a big fuss when this is delayed. I\u2019ve described it as being a \u201ccritical blocker\u201d during project meetings and suggested that everything should halt until it is fixed. \nIt is that important.\nClients don\u2019t often like hearing a wary, disruptive voice saying \u201cwhoa there Nelly!\u201d, because the development should be able to continue while the production environment gets sorted out, right? \nSure. But if it is not seen as a blocker, it is seen as something that can just happen later. And if it happens later, all the ugly surprises and unknowns surface later too. And later is when we\u2019ll need to be thinking about other things. Not the plumbing. Trust me, it pays to face up to the issue right away rather than press on optimistically. The client will thank you later.\nAttitudes and expectations\nWe should, I think, exhibit these four attitudes towards production deployment:\n\nMake it scripted\nMake it automated\nMake it real\nMake it first\n\nMake it scripted\nLet\u2019s face it, we are going to need to deploy more than once over the course of the project. We are not going to get things perfect on our first shot. Nor should we expect to. And if we are going to repeat something, we want to be able to do it identically and predictably every time without needing to rely on our memories.\nDevelopers are great at scripting things which they would otherwise need to repeat. It makes us faster and it also helps us keep track of the steps we need to take.\nI\u2019m not crazy enough to try suggest the best technology to script your builds or deployments (holy wars lie down that path). A lot will depend on your languages and your tastes. Some will like Fabric, others will prefer Gulp, you might prefer Make or NPM. It doesn\u2019t really matter as long as you can script the process of building, packaging and deploying your project.\nWait. Won\u2019t we need to know everything about the build from the start in order to do this? Aren\u2019t our dependencies likely to change over time?\nYes. That would be ideal. But it\u2019s ok. Like our code, our deployment script will evolve over the life of a project. So evolve it. Start by scripting what is needed to support the first iteration of the project, and then maintain that script. It will become a valuable \u201csource of truth\u201d, providing a form of documentation of what your project needs for a successful deployment. Another bonus.\nMake it automated\nIf we have a scripted deployment which we can run by executing a single command, then we are in great shape to automate that process by triggering the build and deployment via suitable events.\nAgain, I prefer not to offer one single suggestion of when this should occur. That will depend on your approach to the project, how your development team is organised, and how your QA team operate. You can tune this to suit.\nFor one project I worked on, we chose to trigger the build and deployment to our production environment every time we used Git to tag the master branch of our version control repository. There were a few moving parts, and we needed to do some upfront work to get everything working, but that upfront effort was repaid many fold as we deployed time and time again, and exposed some issues with our environment long before we got to \u201claunch day\u201d.\nWith a scripted and automated process, we can make deployments \u201ccheap\u201d. This is our goal. When there are minimal cognitive or time overheads associated with deploying, we\u2019re likely to do it all the more often and become more confident that it will behave as expected.\nMake it real\nAlright, we have written scripts to build and deploy our projects. Anyone tagging our repo will trigger things to happen as if by magic, but where are we pushing things to?  We need to target a real environment if this is to have any value.\nA useful pattern is to have all activity on our develop branch trigger deployments to our staging server. Meanwhile tagging master will deploy a version to the production environment. How we organise this will depend on our git branching approach. (I\u2019ve seen as many ways of approaching Git Flow as I have seen ways of approaching \u201cAgile\u201d).\nIt\u2019s vital though, that we ensure that we are deploying to, and testing against, our real infrastructure. We want to see real results. That\u2019s the best way to learn real lessons.\nMake it first\nBuilding our site to run in an environment not yet fully defined or available to test is like climbing without ropes \u2013 it\u2019s possible, but we put ourselves at risk. And the higher we climb the greater the risk. So it is important to do this as early as we possibly can.\nDon\u2019t have a certificate for our HTTPS yet? Fine, but let\u2019s still deploy to this evolving production environment and introduce HTTPS as soon as we can.\nBefore we know it we\u2019ll be proving that this is set up correctly and we\u2019ll not be surprised by mixed security alerts or other nasties further down the line.\n\nMailchimp perfectly capture the anxiety of sending emails to gazillions of people for a campaign. But we\u2019re lucky. Launching a site doesn\u2019t need to be like performing a mailshot. We can do things to banish that sweaty hand.\nDoing preparation work upfront means that by the time we need to launch the site into the wild, we have exercised the deployment mechanics, and tested the production environment so rigorously that this task will be boring.\n(It won\u2019t be boring. Launching should always be exciting because the world will finally get to see our beautiful, painstaking work. But nor should it be terrifying. Especially as a result of not knowing for certain if our processes and environments are going to work or burst into flames on the big day.)\nWhat tools exist?\nWell this all sounds lovely. But how should we tackle this? Where are the tools for us to use? As it happens, there are many service and tools that we can use to work this way.\nHosting\nAll of the big players like Amazon, Azure and Google offer tools which can help us here. Google for example, can host multiple deployed versions of your project in parallel and you can manage them via their App Engine console. Each build receives its own URL which you can use to access any deployed version of your site.\nHaving immutable deployments which stick around in perpetuity (or until you bin them) is a key feature which unlocks the ability to confidently direct your traffic to any version of your site. With that comes the capacity to test any version or feature in its real environment, and then promote a version, or rollback to a previous version whenever you want.\nA liberating power to have.\nContinuous integration\nIn order to create all of those different versions, we\u2019ll need somewhere to run our build and deployment scripts. Jenkins has been a popular Continuous Integration (CI) option for some time, and can be configured to perform all sorts of tasks, giving you extensive control over your deployment pipeline.\nYou need to host Jenkins yourself, but it provides some simple ways to do that.\nThe landscape for CI is getting richer and richer. With many hosted services like Circle CI providing this kind of automation up in the cloud.\nOne stop shop\nNetlify combines both hosting and continuous integration services. It monitors your git repositories and automatically runs your build in a container on its servers when it finds changes. Each branch and pull request in your git repository will result in an immutable version of your site with its own URL.\nNetlify is unlike Google Cloud, AWS or Azure in that it cannot host a dynamic server-side application for you. Instead it specialises in hosting static, or so called JAMstack sites.\nPersonally, I find that its simplicity makes it an approachable option, and a good place to learn and adopt some of these valuable habits.\nFull disclosure: I\u2019m a Netlify employee. But before I was, I was an avid customer, and it was through using Netlify that I first encountered some of these principles in practice.\nConclusion. It\u2019s all about the approach\nNo matter what tools or services you use (and there are many which can support these practices), the most important thing is to adopt an approach which lets you prove your environments as quickly as possible.\nFront-loading this effort will cast light onto the issues that you\u2019ll need to address early and often, leaving no infrastructure surprises to spoil things for you on launch day.\nAutomating the process will mean that when you do find things that you need to fix or to improve later (and you will), issuing another release will be trivial. It is a lovely feeling when you have confidence that releasing v1.0.0 will be no more stressful v0.0.1. In fact it should actually be less stressful, as you\u2019ll have been down this road many times by then. Fixing the potholes and smoothing the way as you went.\nFrom here, it should be a smooth ride.", "year": "2017", "author": "Phil Hawksworth", "author_slug": "philhawksworth", "published": "2017-12-21T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2017/knowing-the-future/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 200, "title": "Care and Feeding of Burnout", "contents": "You\u2019ve been doing too much for too long. And it\u2019s broken you. You\u2019re burned out. You\u2019re done.\nIllustration by Kate Holden\nOccupational burnout is a long-documented effect of stretching yourself further than the limits of your mental and physical health can carry you. And when it finally catches up with you, it can feel like the end of the world. But things can get better. With focused self care, reworking your priorities and lots of time, you can slog through burnout.\nWhat is burnout? The Tl;dr linkdump tour\nIn this article, we\u2019ll be looking at what you can do when you\u2019re burned out. We\u2019ll be skipping past a lot of information on what burnout is, what causes it and how it impacts the tech industry. We\u2019re able to skip past this because many technologists have already created valuable content targeted to our industry. The videos and writing below may be helpful for readers who are less familiar with burnout.\nA Wikipedia article may be a great starting point for learning about occupational burnout.\n\n  \n\nUnderstanding burnout: Brandon West\nThis conference talk by Brandon West covers a lot of burnout 101, from the perspective of a developer relations/community professional.\nApril Wensel writes about the need for the tech industry to move from the Valley\u2019s burnout culture to a more sustainable model.\nCatching Burnout [as] early [as possible]\nOne of the most challenging things about burnout is that it develops slowly and gradually. Many impacted don\u2019t notice the water warming around them until it\u2019s been brought to a boil, causing a crisis that can\u2019t be overlooked. Catching burnout and taking steps to deal with it as early as possible can help limit the length and severity of your burnout.\nGetting in the habit of checking in with yourself regularly about your stress and energy levels can be an effective habit for assessing burnout and for general wellness. The Mayo Clinic recommends asking yourself the following questions to determine if you might be suffering from burnout.\n\nHave you become cynical or critical at work?\nDo you drag yourself to work and have trouble getting started once you arrive?\nHave you become irritable or impatient with co-workers, customers or clients?\nDo you lack the energy to be consistently productive?\nDo you lack satisfaction from your achievements?\nDo you feel disillusioned about your job?\nAre you using food, drugs or alcohol to feel better or to simply not feel?\nHave your sleep habits or appetite changed?\nAre you troubled by unexplained headaches, backaches or other physical complaints?\n\nAccording to the Mayo Clinic, answering yes to more than one of these questions can be a sign that you need to take corrective action. We\u2019ll look in more detail about the corrective actions you can take in the rest of this article. \nDo less. Now.\nTo start getting things back on track, you\u2019ll need to start doing less. Less work, less stress, less everything. Many technologists impacted by burnout have written or spoken on taking months or even years off work to give themselves time to recover. This can be a fantastic route back to wellness for those fortunate enough to have the professional and financial security to allow them to take large stretches of time off work. For the much larger group of burned out workers that need to balance earning a paycheck with their wellness, this can be more challenging.\nFor those of us who need to stay in the cycle of work to fund our daily needs, finding ways to do less can feel like adding another daunting task to the pile. To properly assess where and how you can cut back on your commitments, you\u2019ll need to find a short stretch of time clear of stressors and responsibilities to take stock of what can be scaled back. A long weekend, weekend or even a few hours of time dedicated to looking only at how you can cut back on work and stress can be an effective way to take stock of your responsibilities.\nMake a list of stressors and activities to begin to triage. Anything that would damage or seriously disrupt your life if not attended to (doing your taxes, showing up at work, paying rent) should be marked as essential. Grade other activities in your life, marking the ones that aren\u2019t essential and working to temporarily reduce these or remove them from your life. It can feel difficult to let go of things while recovering from burnout. This process can benefit from a second opinion, if you\u2019re working with a coach, therapist or trusted friend to manage your burnout.\nReducing your workload and stressors can let you begin to recover from burnout. You can reintroduce things back into your schedule and life. Reintroduce stressors and activities back into your life slowly, to minimize risk of relapse. Keeping a journal will let you keep tabs on how different activities are impacting your energy levels and state of mind.\nRemove toxicity\nToxic people or settings can drain you faster than overwork alone can. While you work to reduce your workload and stress, coworkers, friends, family or bosses who are toxic influences can act as a multiplier for the stressors that remain. Identifying these people and limiting your interactions with them during your recovery can help you get back on track faster and happier. A journal can be an important tool in tracking how interactions with different people impact your wellness and state of mind. If the toxic presence in your life is someone you can avoid or cut out without penalty, burnout is a great reason to finally replace them with healthier relationships.\nIf you can\u2019t remove them from your life, minimizing the impact toxic people have on your wellness is vital. Work to identify what aspect of the relationship is draining or damaging and create interventions around damaging interactions. While a chronically complaining coworker\u2019s negativity can be stopped short with setting firm conversational boundaries and redirection, a combative boss can be a harder challenge. Seeking allies and advice can make you feel less alone in your battles and provide healthy emotional support. \nAsk for help\nTrying to find your way back to health and wellness after burning out can be a daunting task. Seeking help from health care professionals, trusted peers or both can give you backup on your journey back to feeling better. With symptoms that can mirror those of depression, burnout can be the precursor to a number of mental and physical ailments. Talk to your doctor immediately if you\u2019re experiencing symptoms of depression or any other health concerns.\nBeing open with your trusted friends about burnout can let you access valuable support and help explain why you may need extra care and consideration while you recover. Many suffering from burnout report finding maintaining relationships a challenge. Letting your loved ones know what you\u2019re going through and why you may be less available invites them to be more understanding of cancelled plans or other issues while you\u2019re recovering. Burnout can impact memory and cognitive function. Letting your support network assist in decision making during burnout can help add perspective to counterbalance these deficits.\nTalking to your friends and peers about your health and needs can offer valuable support. But those who are pushed to a mental or physical health crisis by burnout should work with healthcare professionals to plan their recovery. Sufferers of mild to moderate burnout can also benefit from planning their return to wellness with an experienced practitioner. Medical or counseling professionals may prescribe medicines, talk therapy, group sessions or other therapeutic intervention.  \nGo easy on yourself\nRecovering from burnout is a process that takes energy, time and compassion for yourself. In the same way that toxic people or workplaces can set you back, negative repetitive thoughts will harm your recovery. Recognizing that burnout\u2019s impact on you is a temporary state that isn\u2019t your fault can help you begin to manage your feelings and expectations for yourself. Sufferers often report feeling stupid, lazy or that they lack the skills to do their job. This is natural, as burnout can severely limit your cognitive function, your energy levels and resilience while dramatically increasing your cognitive load. Working with a counselor may help if you\u2019re finding it difficult to be patient with your progress back to health or are troubled by persistent intrusive thoughts.\nBurnout can seriously limit the amount of energy you have. Spend as little of the energy you have left beating yourself up as possible. You\u2019re going to be ok. It\u2019s all going to be ok.\nThis article doesn\u2019t offer one-size-fits all fixes for burnout or overwork, but aims to provide a framework with points to consider that may help shape your wellness. No article can act as a substitute for professionally administered healthcare or robust self care.", "year": "2017", "author": "Jessica Rose", "author_slug": "jessicarose", "published": "2017-12-16T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2017/care-and-feeding-of-burnout/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 230, "title": "The Articulate Web Designer of Tomorrow", "contents": "You could say that we design to communicate, and that we seek emotive responses. It sounds straightforward, and it can be, but leaving it to chance isn\u2019t wise. Many wander into web design without formal training, and whilst that certainly isn\u2019t essential, we owe it to ourselves to draw on wider influences, learn from the past, and think smarter.\n\nWhat knowledge can we ourselves explore in order to become better designers? In addition, how can we take this knowledge, investigate it through our unique discipline, and in turn speak more eloquently about what we do on the web? Below, I outline a number of things that I personally believe all designers should be using and exploring collectively.\n\nTaking stock\n\nWhere we\u2019re at is good. Finding clarity through web standards, we\u2019ve ended up quite modernist in our approach, pursuing function, elegance and reduction. However, we\u2019re not great at articulating our own design processes and principles to outsiders. Equally, we rely heavily on our instincts when deciding if something is or isn\u2019t good. That\u2019s fine, but we can better understand why things are the way they are by looking a little deeper, thereby helping us articulate what goes on in our design brains to our peers, our clients and to normal humans.\n\nAs designers we use ideas, concepts, text and images. We apply our ideas and experience, imposing order and structure to content, hoping to ease the communication of an idea to the largest possible audience or to a specific audience. We consciously manipulate most of what is available to us, but not all. There is something else we can use. I often think that brilliant work demands a keen understanding of the magical visual language that informs design.\n\nEmbracing an established visual language\n\nThis is a language whose alphabet is shapes, structures, colours, lines and rhythms. When effective, it is somewhat invisible, subliminally enforcing messages and evoking meaning, using methods solidly rooted in a grammar perceptible in virtually all extraordinary creative work. The syntax for art, architecture, film, and furniture, industrial and graphic design (think Bauhaus and the Swiss style perhaps), this language urges us to become fluent if we aim for a more powerful dialogue with our audience.\n\n Figure 1: Structures (clockwise from top-left): Informal; Formal; Active; Visible.\n\nThe greatest creative minds our world has produced could understand some or all of this language. Line and point, form and shape. Abstract objects. Formal and informal structures. Visual distribution. Balance, composition and the multitudinous approaches to symmetry. Patterns and texture. Movement and paths. Repetition, rhythm and frequency. Colour theory. Whitespace and the pause. The list goes on.\n\nThe genius we perceive in our creative heroes is often a composite of experience, trial and error, conviction, intuition \u2013 even accident \u2013 but rarely does great work arise without an initial understanding of the nuts and bolts that help communicate an idea or emotion.\n\nOur world of interactivity\n\nAs web designers, our connection with this language is most evident in graphic design. With more technological ease and power comes the responsibility to understand, wisely use, and be able to justify many of our decisions. We have moved beyond the scope of print into a world of interactivity, but we shouldn\u2019t let go of any established principles without good reason.\n\n Figure 2: Understanding movement of objects in any direction along a defined path.\n\nFor example, immersion in this visual language can improve our implementation of CSS3 and JavaScript behaviour. With CSS3, we\u2019ve seen a resurgence in CSS experimentation, some of which has been wonderful, but much of it has appeared clumsy. In the race to make something spin, twist, flip or fly from one corner to another, the designer sometimes fails to think about the true movement they seek to emulate. What forces are supposedly affecting this movement? What is the expected path of this transition and is it being respected?\n\nStopping to think about what is really supposed to be happening on the page compels us to use complex animations, diagrams and rotations more carefully. It helps us to better understand paths and movement.\n\n Figure 3: Repetition can occur through variations in colour, shape, direction, and so on.\n\nIt can only be of greater benefit to be mindful of symmetries, depth, affordance, juxtaposition, balance, economy and reduction. A deeper understanding of basic structures can help us to say more with sketches, wireframes, layouts and composition. We\u2019ve all experimented with grids and rhythm but, to truly benefit from these long-established principles, we are duty-bound to understand their possibilities more than we will by simply leveraging a free framework or borrowing some CSS.\n\nDesign is not a science, but\u2026\n\nThreading through all of this is what we have learned from science, and what it teaches us of the human brain. This visual language matters because technology changes but, for the most part, people don\u2019t. For centuries, we humans have received and interpreted information in much the same way. Understanding more of how we perceive meaning can help designers make smarter decisions, and call on visual language to underpin these decisions. It is our responsibility as designers to be aware of mental models, mapping, semiotics, sensory experience and human emotion.\n\nDesign itself is not a science, but the appropriate use of visual language and scientific understanding exposes the line between effective and awkward, between communicative and mute. By strengthening our mental and analytical approach to what is often done arbitrarily or \u201cbecause it feels right\u201d, we simply become better designers.\n\nA visual language for the web\n\nSo, I\u2019ve outlined numerous starting points and areas worthy of deeper investigation, and hopefully you\u2019re eager to do some research. However, I\u2019ve mostly discussed established ideas and principles that we as web designers can learn from. It\u2019s my belief that our community has a shared responsibility to expand this visual language as it applies to the ebb and flow of the web. Indulge me as I conclude with a related tangent.\n\nIn defining a visual language specifically for the web, we must continue to mature. The old powerfully influences the new, but we must intelligently expand the visual language of masterful work and articulate what is uniquely ours.\n\nFor example, phrases like Ethan Marcotte\u2019s Responsive Web Design aren\u2019t merely elegant, they describe a new way of thinking and working, of communicating about designs and interaction patterns. These phrases broaden our vocabulary and are immediately adopted by designers worldwide, in both conversation and execution.\n\nOur legacy\n\nOur new definitions should flex and not be tied to specific devices or methods which fade away or morph with time. Our legacy is perhaps more about robust and flexible patterns and systems than it is about specific devices or programming languages.\n\n Figure 4: As web designers, we should think about systems, not pages.\n\nThe established principles we adopt and whatever new ways of thinking we define should slip neatly into a wider philosophy about our approach to web design. We\u2019re called, as a community, to define what is distinctive about the visual language of the web, create this vocabulary, this dialect that resonates with us and moves us forward as we tackle each day\u2019s work. Let\u2019s give it some thought.\n\nFurther reading\n\nThis is my immediate \u201cgo-to\u201d list of books that I bullishly believe all web designers should own, but there is so much more out there to read. Sadly, many great texts relating to this stuff are often out of print. Feel free to share your recommendations.\n\n\n\tDon Norman, The Design of Everyday Things\n\tChristian Leborg, Visual Grammar\n\tScott McCloud, Understanding Comics\n\tDavid Crow, Visible Signs\n\tWilliam Lidwell and Katrina Holden, Universal Principles of Design", "year": "2010", "author": "Simon Collison", "author_slug": "simoncollison", "published": "2010-12-16T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/the-articulate-web-designer-of-tomorrow/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 190, "title": "Self-Testing Pages with JavaScript", "contents": "Working at an agency I am involved more and more on projects in which client side code is developed internally then sent out to a separate team for implementation. You provide static HTML, CSS and JavaScript which then get placed into the CMS and brought to life as an actual website. As you can imagine this can sometimes lead to frustrations. However many safeguards you include, handing over your code to someone else is always a difficult thing to do effectively.\n\nIn this article I will show you how you can create a JavaScript implementation checker and that will give you more time for drink based activity as your web site and apps are launched quicker and with less unwanted drama!\n\nAn all too frequent occurrence\n\nYou\u2019ve been working on a project for weeks, fixed all your bugs and send it to be implemented. You hear nothing and assume all is going well then a few days before it\u2019s meant to launch you get an email from the implementation team informing you of bugs in your code that you need to urgently fix.\n\n The 24ways website with a misspelt ID for the years menu\n\nBeing paranoid you trawl through the preview URL, check they have the latest files, check your code for errors then notice that a required HTML attribute has been omitted from the build and therefore CSS or JavaScript you\u2019ve hooked onto that particular attribute isn\u2019t being applied and that\u2019s what is causing the \u201cbug\u201d.\n\nIt takes you seconds drafting an email informing them of this, it takes then seconds putting the required attribute in and low and behold the bug is fixed, everyone is happy but you\u2019ve lost a good few hours of your life \u2013 this time could have been better spent in the pub.\n\nI\u2019m going to show you a way that these kind of errors can be alerted immediately during implementation of your code and ensure that when you are contacted you know that there actually is a bug to fix. You probably already know the things that could be omitted from a build and look like bugs so you\u2019ll soon be creating tests to look for these and alert when they are not found on the rendered page. The error is reported directly to those who need to know about it and fix it. Less errant bug reports and less frantic emails ahoy!\n\n A page with an implementation issue and instant feedback on the problem\n\nJavaScript selector engines to the rescue\n\nWhether you\u2019re using a library or indeed tapping into the loveliness of the new JavaScript Selector APIs looking for particular HTML elements in JavaScript is fairly trivial now. \n\nFor instance this is how you look for a div element with the id attribute of year (the missing attribute from top image) using jQuery (the library I\u2019ll be coding my examples in): \n\nif ($(\u2018div#year\u2019).length) {\n\talert(\u2018win\u2019);\n}\n\nUsing this logic you can probably imagine how you can write up a quick method to check for the existence of a particular element and alert when it\u2019s not present \u2014 but assuming you have a complex page you\u2019re going to be repeating yourself a fair bit and we don\u2019t want to be doing that.\n\nTest scripts\n\nIf you\u2019ve got a lot of complex HTML patterns that need testing across a number of different pages it makes sense to keep your tests out of production code. Chances are you\u2019ve already got a load of heavy JavaScript assets, and when it comes to file size saving every little helps.\n\nI don\u2019t think that tests should contain code inside of them so keep mine externally as JSON. This also means that you can use the one set of tests in multiple places. We already know that it\u2019s a good idea to keep our CSS and JavaScript separate so lets continue along those lines here.\n\nThe test script for this example looks like this:\n\n{\n\t\"title\": \"JS tabs implementation test\",\n\t\"description\": \"Check that the correct HTML patterns has been used\",\n\t\"author\": \"Ross Bruniges\",\n\t\"created\": \"20th July 2009\",\n\t\"tests\": [\n\t\t{\n\t\t\t\"name\": \"JS tabs elements\",\n\t\t\t\"description\": \"Checking that correct HTML elements including class/IDs are used on the page for the JS to progressively enhance\",\n\t\t\t\"selector\": \"div.tabbed_content\",\n\t\t\t\"message\": \"We couldn't find VAR on the page - it's required for our JavaScript to function correctly\",\n\t\t\t\"check_for\": {\n\t\t\t\t\"contains\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"elements\": [\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"div.tab_content\", \"h2\" \n\t\t\t\t\t],\n\t\t\t\t\t\"message\": \"We've noticed some missing HTML:</p><ul><li>VAR</li></ul><p>please refer to the examples sent for reference\" \n\t\t\t\t} \n\t\t\t} \n\t\t} \n\t]\n}\n\nThe first four lines are just a little bit of meta data so we remember what this test was all about when we look at it again in the future, or indeed if it ever breaks. The tests are the really cool parts and firstly you\u2019ll notice that it\u2019s an array \u2013 we\u2019re only going to show one example test here but there is no reason why you can\u2019t place in as many as you want. I\u2019ll explain what each of the lines in the example test means:\n\n\n\tname \u2013 short test name, I use this in pass/fail messaging later\n\tdescription \u2013 meta data for future reference\n\tselector \u2013 the root HTML element from which your HTML will be searched\n\tmessage \u2013 what the app will alert if the initial selector isn\u2019t found\n\tcheck_for \u2013 a wrapper to hold inner tests \u2013 those run if the initial selector does match\n\t\n\t\tcontains \u2013 the type of check, we\u2019re checking that the selector contains specified elements\n\t\t\n\t\t\telements \u2013 the HTML elements we are searching for\n\t\t\tmessage \u2013 a message for when these don\u2019t match (VAR is substituted when it\u2019s appended to the page with the name of any elements that don\u2019t exist)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\nIt\u2019s very important to pass the function valid JSON (JSONLint is a great tool for this) otherwise you might get a console showing no tests have even been run. \n\nThe JavaScript that makes this helpful\n\nAgain, this code should never hit a production server so I\u2019ve kept it external. This also means that the only thing that\u2019s needed to be done by the implementation team when they are ready to build is that they delete this code.\n\n<script src=\"sleuth.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\t$(document).ready(function() {\n\t  sleuth.test_page.init(\u2018js_tabs_test.js');\n\t}); \n</script>\n\n\u201cView the full JavaScript:/examples/self-testing-pages-with-javascript/js/tests/test_suite.js\n\nThe init function appends the test console to the page and inserts the CSS file required to style it (you don\u2019t need to use pictures of me when tests pass and fail though I see no reason why you shouldn\u2019t), goes and grabs the JSON file referenced and parses it. The methods to pass (tests_pass) and fail (haz_fail) the test I hope are pretty self-explanatory as is the one which creates the test summary once everything has been run (create_summary).\n\nThe two interesting functions are init_tests and confirm_html.\n\ninit_tests\n\ninit_tests:function(i,obj) {\n\tvar $master_elm = $(obj.selector);\n\tsleuth.test_page.$logger.append(\"<div id='test_\" + i + \"' class='message'><p><em>\" + obj.name + \"</em></p></div>\");\n\tvar $container = $('#test_' + i);\n\tif (!$master_elm.length) {\n\t\tvar err_sum = obj.message.replace(/VAR/gi, obj.selector);\n\t\tsleuth.test_page.haz_failed(err_sum, $container);\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\tif (obj.check_for) {\n\t\t$.each(obj.check_for,function(key, value){\n\t\t\tsleuth.test_page.assign_checks($master_elm, $container, key, value);\n\t\t});\n\t} else {\n\t\tsleuth.test_page.tests_passed($container);\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n}\n\nThe function gets sent the number of the current iteration (used to create a unique id for its test summary) and the current object that contains the data we\u2019re testing against as parameters.\n\nWe grab a reference to the root element and this is used (pretty much in the example shown right at the start of this article) and its length is checked. If the length is positive we know we can continue to the inner tests (if they exist) but if not we fail the test and don\u2019t go any further. We append the error to the test console for everyone to see.\n\nIf we pass the initial check we send the reference to the root element, message contains and the inner object to a function that in this example sends us on to confirm_html (if we had a more complex test suite it would do a lot more). \n\nconfirm_html\n\nconfirm_html:function(target_selector, error_elm, obj) {\n\tvar missing_elms = [];\n\t$.each(obj.elements, function(i, val) {\n\t\tif (!target_selector.find(val).length) {\n\t\t\tmissing_elms.push(val);\n\t\t}\t\n\t});\n\tif (missing_elms.length) {\n\t\tvar file_list = missing_elms.join('</li><li>');\n\t\tvar err_sum = obj.message.replace(/VAR/gi, file_list);\n\t\tsleuth.test_page.haz_failed(err_sum, error_elm);\n\t\treturn;\n\t}\n\tsleuth.test_page.tests_passed(error_elm);\n\treturn;\n}\n\nWe\u2019re again using an array to check for a passed or failed test and checking its length but this time we push in a reference to each missing element we find.\n\nIf the test does fail we\u2019re providing even more useful feedback by informing what elements have been missed out. All the implementation team need do is look for them in the files we\u2019ve sent and include them as expected.\n\nNo more silly implementation bugs!\n\nHere is an example of a successful implementation.\n\nHere are some examples of failed implementations \u2013 one which fails at finding the root node and one that has the correct root node but none of the inner HTML tests pass.\n\nIs this all we can check for?\n\nCertainly not!\n\nJavaScript provides pretty easy ways to check for attributes, included files (if the files being checked for are being referenced correctly and not 404ing) and even applied CSS.\n\nWant to check that those ARIA attributes are being implemented correctly or that all images contain an alt attribute well this simple test suite can be extended to include tests for this \u2013 the sky is pretty much up to your imagination.", "year": "2009", "author": "Ross Bruniges", "author_slug": "rossbruniges", "published": "2009-12-12T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2009/self-testing-pages-with-javascript/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 122, "title": "A Message To You, Rudy - CSS Production Notes", "contents": "When more than one designer or developer work together on coding an XHTML/CSS template, there are several ways to make collaboration effective. Some prefer to comment their code, leaving a trail of bread-crumbs for their co-workers to follow. Others use accompanying files that contain their working notes or communicate via Basecamp.\n\nFor this year\u2019s 24ways I wanted to share a technique that I has been effective at Stuff and Nonsense; one that unfortunately did not make it into the final draft of Transcending CSS. This technique, CSS production notes, places your page production notes in one convenient place within an XHTML document and uses nothing more than meaningful markup and CSS.\n\nLet\u2019s start with the basics; a conversation between a group of people. In the absence of notes or conversation elements in XHTML you need to make an XHTML compound that will effectively add meaning to the conversation between designers and developers. As each person speaks, you have two elements right there to describe what has been said and who has spoken: <blockquote> and its cite attribute. \n\n<blockquote cite=\"andy\"> \n\t<p>This project will use XHTML1.0 Strict, CSS2.1 and all that malarkey.</p>\n</blockquote>\n\nWith more than one person speaking, you need to establish a temporal order for the conversation. Once again, the element to do just that is already there in XHTML; the humble ordered list.\n\n<ol id=\"notes\">\n\t<li>\n\t\t<blockquote cite=\"andy\"> \n\t\t\t<p>This project will use XHTML1.0 Strict, CSS2.1 and all that malarkey.</p>\n\t\t</blockquote> \n\t</li>\n\t<li>\n\t\t<blockquote cite=\"dan\"> \n\t\t\t<p>Those bits are simple and bulletproof.</p>\n\t\t</blockquote> \n\t</li>\n</ol>\n\nAdding a new note is as simple as adding a new item to list, and if you prefer to add more information to each note, such as the date or time that the note was written, go right ahead. Place your note list at the bottom of the source order of your document, right before the closing <body> tag. One advantage of this approach over using conventional comments in your code is that all the notes are unobtrusive and are grouped together in one place, rather than being spread throughout your document.\n\nBasic CSS styling\n\nFor the first stage you are going to add some basic styling to the notes area, starting with the ordered list. For this design I am basing the look and feel on an instant messenger window.\n\n\n\nol#notes {\n\twidth : 300px; \n\theight : 320px; \n\tpadding : .5em 0; \n\tbackground : url(im.png) repeat; \n\tborder : 1px solid #333; \n\tborder-bottom-width : 2px; \n\t-moz-border-radius : 6px; /* Will not validate */\n\tcolor : #000; \n\toverflow : auto; \n}\nol#notes li { \n\tmargin : .5em; \n\tpadding : 10px 0 5px; \n\tbackground-color : #fff; \n\tborder : 1px solid #666; \n\t-moz-border-radius : 6px; /* Will not validate */ \n}\nol#notes blockquote { \n\tmargin : 0; \n\tpadding : 0; \n}\nol#notes p { \n\tmargin : 0 20px .75em;\n\tpadding : 0; \n}\nol#notes p.date { \n\tfont-size : 92%;\n\tcolor : #666; \n\ttext-transform : uppercase; \n}\n\nTake a gander at the first example.\n\nYou could stop right there, but without seeing who has left the note, there is little context. So next, extract the name of the commenter from the <blockquote>\u2019s cite attribute and display it before each note by using generated content.\n\nol#notes blockquote:before { \n\tcontent : \" \"attr(cite)\" said: \"; \n\tmargin-left : 20px; \n\tfont-weight : bold; \n}\n\nFun with more detailed styling\n\nNow, with all of the information and basic styling in place, it\u2019s time to have some fun with some more detailed styling to spruce up your notes. Let\u2019s start by adding an icon for each person, once again based on their cite. First, all of the first paragraphs of a <blockquote>\u2019s that includes a cite attribute are given common styles.\n\nol#notes blockquote[cite] p:first-child {\n\tmin-height : 34px;\n\tpadding-left : 40px; \n}\n\nFollowed by an individual background-image.\n\nol#notes blockquote[cite=\"Andy\"] p:first-child { \n\tbackground : url(malarkey.png) no-repeat 5px 5px; \n} \n\nIf you prefer a little more interactivity, add a :hover state to each <blockquote> and perhaps highlight the most recent comment.\n\nol#notes blockquote:hover { \n\tbackground-color : #faf8eb; \n\tborder-top : 1px solid #fff; \n\tborder-bottom : 1px solid #333; \n}\nol#notes li:last-child blockquote { \n\tbackground-color : #f1efe2; \n}\n\n\n\nYou could also adjust the style for each comment based on the department that the person works in, for example:\n\n<li>\n\t<blockquote cite=\"andy\" class=\"designer\"> \n\t\t<p>This project will use XHTML1.0 Strict, CSS2.1 and all that malarkey.</p>\n\t</blockquote> \n</li>\n<li>\n\t<blockquote cite=\"dan\"> \n\t\t<p>Those bits are simple and bulletproof.</p>\n\t</blockquote> \n</li>\nol#notes blockquote.designer { border-color : #600; }\n\nTake a look at the results of the second stage.\n\nShow and hide the notes using CSS positioning\n\nWith your notes now dressed in their finest, it is time to tuck them away above the top of your working XHTML/CSS prototype so that you can reveal them when you need them, no JavaScript required. Start by moving the ordered list of notes off the top of the viewport leaving only a few pixels in view. It is also a good idea to make them semi-transparent by using the opacity property for browsers that have implemented it.\n\nol#notes { \n\tposition : absolute; \n\topacity : .25;\n\tz-index : 2000;  \n\ttop : -305px; \n\tleft : 20px; \n}\n\nYour last step is to add :hover and :focus dynamic pseudo-classes to reposition the list at the top of the viewport and restore full opacity to display them in their full glory when needed.\n\nol#notes:hover, ol#notes:focus {\n\ttop : 0; \n\topacity : 1; \n}\n\n\n\nNow it\u2019s time to sit back, pour yourself a long drink and bask in the glory of the final result. Your notes are all stored in one handy place at the bottom of your document rather than being spread around your code. When your templates are complete, simply dive straight to the bottom and pull out the notes.\n\nA Message To You, Rudy\n\nThank-you to everybody for making this a really great year for web standards. Have a wonderful holiday season.\n\nBuy Andy Clarke\u2019s book Transcending CSS from Amazon.com", "year": "2006", "author": "Andy Clarke", "author_slug": "andyclarke", "published": "2006-12-15T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2006/css-production-notes/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 120, "title": "Easier Page States for Wireframes", "contents": "When designing wireframes for web sites and web apps, it is often overlooked that the same \u2018page\u2019 can look wildly different depending on its context. A logged-in page will look different from a logged-out page; an administrator\u2019s view may have different buttons than a regular user\u2019s view; a power user\u2019s profile will be more extensive than a new user\u2019s.\n\nThese different page states need designing at some point, especially if the wireframes are to form a useful communication medium between designer and developer. Documenting the different permutations can be a time consuming exercise involving either multiple pages in one\u2019s preferred box-and-arrow software, or a fully fledged drawing containing all the possible combinations annotated accordingly.\n\nEnter interactive wireframes and Polypage\n\nInteractive wireframes built in HTML are a great design and communication tool. They provide a clickable prototype, running in the browser as would the final site. As such they give a great feel for how the site will be to use. Once you add in the possibilities of JavaScript and a library such as jQuery, they become even more flexible and powerful.\n\nPolypage is a jQuery plugin which makes it really easy to design multiple page states in HTML wireframes. There\u2019s no JavaScript knowledge required (other than cutting and pasting in a few lines). The page views are created by simply writing all the alternatives into your HTML page and adding special class names to apply state and conditional view logic to the various options. \n\nWhen the page is loaded Polypage automatically detects the page states defined by the class names and creates a control bar enabling the user to toggle page states with the click of a mouse or the clack of a keyboard.\n\n\n\nUsing cookies by way of the jQuery cookie plugin, Polypage retains the view state throughout your prototype. This means you could navigate through your wireframes as if you were logged out; as if you were logged in as an administrator; with notes on or off; or with any other view or state you might require. The possibilities are entirely up to you.\n\nHow does it work?\n\nFirstly you need to link to jQuery, the jQuery cookie plugin and to Polypage. Something like this:\n\n<script src=\"javascripts/jquery-1.2.6.min.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n<script src=\"javascripts/cookie.jquery.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n<script src=\"javascripts/polypage.jquery.js\" type=\"text/javascript\"></script>\n\nThen you need to initialise Polypage on page load using something along these lines:\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n\t$(document).ready(function() {\n\t\t$.polypage.init();\n\t});\n</script>\n\nNext you need to define the areas of your wireframe which are particular to a given state or view. Do this by applying classes beginning with pp_. Polypage will ignore all other classes in the document.\n\nThe pp_ prefix should be followed by a state name. This can be any text string you like, bearing in mind it will appear in the control bar. Typical page states might include \u2018logged_in\u2019, \u2018administrator\u2019 or \u2018group_owner\u2019. A complete class name would therefore look something like pp_logged_in.\n\nExamples\n\nIf a user is logged in, you might want to specify an option for him or her to sign out. Using Polypage, this could be put in the wireframe as follows:\n\n<a href=\"logout\" class=\"pp_logged_in\"> Sign out </a>\n\nPolypage will identify the pp_logged_in class on the link and hide it (as the \u2018Sign out\u2019 link should only be shown when the page is in the \u2018logged in\u2019 view). Polypage will then automatically write a \u2018logged in\u2019 toggle to the control bar, enabling you to show or hide the \u2018Sign out\u2019 link by toggling the \u2018logged in\u2019 view. The same will apply to all content marked with a pp_logged_in class.\n\nStates can also be negated by adding a not keyword to the class name. For example you might want to provide a log in link for users who are not signed in. Using Polypage, you would insert the not keyword after the pp prefix as follows:\n\n<a href=\"login\" class=\"pp_not_logged_in\"> Login </a>\n\nAgain Polypage identifies the pp prefix but this time sees that the \u2018Login\u2019 link should not be shown when the \u2018logged in\u2019 state is selected.\n\nStates can also be joined together to add some basic logic to pages. The syntax follows natural language and uses the or and and keywords in addition to the afore-mentioned not. Some examples would be pp_logged_in_and_admin, pp_admin_or_group_owner and pp_logged_in_and_not_admin.\n\nFinally, you can set default states for a page by passing an array to the polypage.init() function like this:\n\n$.polypage.init(['logged_in', 'admin']);\n\nYou can see a fully fledged example in this fictional social network group page. The example page defaults to a logged in state. You can see the logged out state by toggling \u2018logged in\u2019 off in the Polypage control bar. There are also views specified for a group member, a group admin, a new group and notes. \n\nWhere can I get hold of it?\n\nYou can download the current version from GitHub.\n\nPolypage was originally developed by Clearleft and New Bamboo, with particular contributions from Andy Kent and Natalie Downe. It has been used in numerous real projects, but it is still an early release so there is bound to be room for improvement. We\u2019re pleased to say that Polypage is now an open source project so any feedback, particularly by way of actual improvements, is extremely welcome.", "year": "2008", "author": "Richard Rutter", "author_slug": "richardrutter", "published": "2008-12-11T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/easier-page-states-for-wireframes/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 154, "title": "Diagnostic Styling", "contents": "We\u2019re all used to using CSS to make our designs live and breathe, but there\u2019s another way to use CSS: to find out where our markup might be choking on missing accessibility features, targetless links, and just plain missing content.  \n\nNote: the techniques discussed here mostly work in Firefox, Safari, and Opera, but not Internet Explorer.  I\u2019ll explain why that\u2019s not really a problem near the end of the article \u2014 and no, the reason is not \u201ceveryone should just ignore IE anyway\u201d.\n\nBasic Diagnostics\n\nTo pick a simple example, suppose you want to call out all holdover font and center elements in a site.  Simple: you just add the following to your styles.\n\nfont, center {outline: 5px solid red;}\n\nYou could take it further and add in a nice lime background or some such, but big thick red outlines should suffice.  Now you\u2019ll be able to see the offenders wherever as you move through the site.  (Of course, if you do this on your public server, everyone else will see the outlines too.  So this is probably best done on a development server or local copy of the site.)\n\nNot everyone may be familiar with outlines, which were introduced in CSS2, so a word on those before we move on.  Outlines are much like borders, except outlines don\u2019t affect layout.  Eh?  Here\u2019s a comparison.\n\n\n\nOn the left, you have a border.  On the right, an outline.  The border takes up layout space, pushing other content around and generally being a nuisance.  The outline, on the other hand, just draws into quietly into place.  In most current browsers, it will overdraw any content already onscreen, and will be overdrawn by any content placed later \u2014 which is why it overlaps the images above it, and is overlapped by those below it.\n\nOkay, so we can outline deprecated elements like font and center.  Is that all?  Oh no.\n\nAttribution\n\nLet\u2019s suppose you also want to find any instances of inline style \u2014 that is, use of the style attribute on elements in the markup.  This is generally discouraged (outside of HTML e-mails, which I\u2019m not going to get anywhere near), as it\u2019s just another side of the same coin of using font: baking the presentation into the document structure instead of putting it somewhere more manageable.  So:\n\n*[style], font, center {outline: 5px solid red;}\n\nAdding that attribute selector to the rule\u2019s grouped selector means that we\u2019ll now be outlining any element with a style attribute.\n\nThere\u2019s a lot more that attribute selectors will let use diagnose.  For example, we can highlight any images that have empty alt or title text.\n\nimg[alt=\"\"] {border: 3px dotted red;}\nimg[title=\"\"] {outline: 3px dotted fuchsia;}\n\nNow, you may wonder why one of these rules calls for a border, and the other for an outline.  That\u2019s because I want them to \u201cadd together\u201d \u2014 that is, if I have an image which possesses both alt and title, and the values of both are empty, then I want it to be doubly marked.\n\n\n\nSee how the middle image there has both red and fuchsia dots running around it?  (And am I the only one who sorely misses the actual circular dots drawn by IE5/Mac?)  That\u2019s due to its markup, which we can see here in a fragment showing the whole table row.\n\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">empty title</th>\n<td><img src=\"comic.gif\" title=\"\" /></td>\n<td><img src=\"comic.gif\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" /></td>\n<td><img src=\"comic.gif\" title=\"\" alt=\"comical\" /></td>\n</tr>\n\nRight, that\u2019s all well and good, but it misses a rather more serious situation: the selector img[alt=\"\"] won\u2019t match an img element that doesn\u2019t even have an alt attribute.  How to tackle this problem?\n\nNot a Problem\n\nWell, if you want to select something based on a negative, you need a negative selector.\n\nimg:not([alt]) {border: 5px solid red;}\n\nThis is really quite a break from the rest of CSS selection, which is all positive: \u201cselect anything that has these characteristics\u201d.  With :not(), we have the ability to say (in supporting browsers) \u201cselect anything that hasn\u2019t these characteristics\u201d.  In the above example, only img elements that do not have an alt attribute will be selected.  So we expand our list of image-related rules to read:\n\nimg[alt=\"\"] {border: 3px dotted red;}\nimg[title=\"\"] {outline: 3px dotted fuchsia;}\nimg:not([alt]) {border: 5px solid red;}\nimg:not([title]) {outline: 5px solid fuchsia;}\n\nWith the following results:\n\n\n\nWe could expand this general idea to pick up tables who lack a summary, or have an empty summary attribute.\n\ntable[summary=\"\"] {outline: 3px dotted red;}\ntable:not([summary]) {outline: 5px solid red;}\n\nWhen it comes to selecting header cells that lack the proper scope, however, we have a trickier situation.  Finding headers with no scope attribute is easy enough, but what about those that have a scope attribute with an incorrect value?\n\nIn this case, we actually need to pull an on-off maneuver.  This has us setting all th elements to have a highlight style, and then turn it off for the elements that meet our criteria.\n\nth {border: 2px solid red;}\nth[scope=\"col\"], th[scope=\"row\"] {border: none;}\n\nThis was necessary because of the way CSS selectors work.  For example, consider this:\n\nth:not([scope=\"col\"]), th:not([scope=\"row\"]) {border: 2px solid red;}\n\nThat would select\u2026all th elements, regardless of their attrributes.  That\u2019s because every th element doesn\u2019t have a scope of col, doesn\u2019t have a scope of row, or doesn\u2019t have either.  There\u2019s no escaping this selector o\u2019 doom!\n\nThis limitation arises because :not() is limited to containing a single \u201cthing\u201d within its parentheses.  You can\u2019t, for example, say \u201cselect all elements except those that are images which descend from list items\u201d.  Reportedly, this limitation was imposed to make browser implementation of :not() easier.\n\nStill, we can make good use of :not() in the service of further diagnosing.  Calling out links in trouble is a breeze:\n\na[href]:not([title]) {border: 5px solid red;}\na[title=\"\"] {outline: 3px dotted red;}\na[href=\"#\"] {background: lime;}\na[href=\"\"] {background: fuchsia;}\n\n\n\nHere we have a set that will call our attention to links missing title information, as well as links that have no valid target, whether through a missing URL or a JavaScript-driven page where there are no link fallbacks in the case of missing or disabled JavaScript (href=\"#\").\n\nAnd What About IE?\n\nAs I said at the beginning, much of what I covered here doesn\u2019t work in Internet Explorer, most particularly :not() and outline.  (Oh, so basically everything?  -Ed.)\n\nI can\u2019t do much about the latter.  For the former, however, it\u2019s possible to hack your way around the problem by doing some layered on-off stuff.  For example, for images, you replace the previously-shown rules with the following:\n\nimg {border: 5px solid red;}\nimg[alt][title] {border-width: 0;}\nimg[alt] {border-color: fuchsia;}\nimg[alt], img[title] {border-style: double;}\nimg[alt=\"\"][title],\nimg[alt][title=\"\"] {border-width: 3px;}\nimg[alt=\"\"][title=\"\"] {border-style: dotted;}\n\nIt won\u2019t have exactly the same set of effects, given the inability to use both borders and outlines, but will still highlight troublesome images.\n\n\n\nIt\u2019s also the case that IE6 and earlier lack support for even attribute selectors, whereas IE7 added pretty much all the attribute selector types there are, so the previous code block won\u2019t have any effect previous to IE7.\n\nIn a broader sense, though, these kinds of styles probably aren\u2019t going to be used in the wild, as it were.  Diagnostic styles are something only you see as you work on a site, so you can make sure to use a browser that supports outlines and :not() when you\u2019re diagnosing.  The fact that IE users won\u2019t see these styles is irrelevant since users of any browser probably won\u2019t be seeing these styles.\n\nPersonally, I always develop in Firefox anyway, thanks to its ability to become a full-featured IDE through the addition of extensions like Firebug and the Web Developer Toolbar.\n\n\nYeah, About That\u2026\n\nIt\u2019s true that much of what I describe in this article is available in the WDT.  I feel there are two advantages to writing your own set of diagnostic styles.\n\n\n\tWhen you write your own styles, you can define exactly what the visual results will be, and how they will interact.  The WDT doesn\u2019t let you make its outlines thicker or change their colors.\n\tYou can combine a bunch of diagnostics into a single set of rules and add it to your site\u2019s style sheet during the diagnostic portion, thus ensuring they persist as you surf around.  This can be done in the WDT, but it isn\u2019t as easy (and, at least for me, not as reliable).\n\n\nIt\u2019s also true that a markup validator will catch many of the errors I mentioned, such as missing alt and summary attributes.  For some, that\u2019s sufficient.  But it won\u2019t catch everything diagnostic styles can, like empty alt values or untargeted links, which are perfectly valid, syntactically speaking.\n\n\nDiagnosis Complete?\n\nI hope this has been a fun look at the concept of diagnostic styling as well as a quick introduction into possibly new concepts like :not() and outlines.  This isn\u2019t all there is to say, of course: there is plenty more that could be added to a diagnostic style sheet.  And everyone\u2019s diagnostics will be different, tuned to meet each person\u2019s unique situation.\n\nMostly, though, I hope this small exploration triggers some creative thinking about the use of CSS to do more than just lay out pages and colorize text.  Given the familiarity we acquire with CSS, it only makes sense to use it wherever it might be useful, and setting up visible diagnostic flags is just one more place for it to help us.", "year": "2007", "author": "Eric Meyer", "author_slug": "ericmeyer", "published": "2007-12-20T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2007/diagnostic-styling/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 185, "title": "Make Your Mockup in Markup", "contents": "We aren\u2019t designing copies of web pages, we\u2019re designing web pages.\n\n\t Andy Clarke, via Quotes on Design\n\n\nThe old way\n\nI used to think the best place to design a website was in an image editor. I\u2019d create a pixel-perfect PSD filled with generic content, send it off to the client, go through several rounds of revisions, and eventually create the markup.\n\nDoes this process sound familiar? You\u2019re not alone. In a very scientific and official survey I conducted, close to 90% of respondents said they design in Photoshop before the browser.  \n\nThat process is whack, yo!\n\nRecently, thanks in large part to the influence of design hero Dan Cederholm, I\u2019ve come to the conclusion that a website\u2019s design should begin where it\u2019s going to live: in the browser.\n\nDie Photoshop, die\n\nSome of you may be wondering, \u201cwhat\u2019s so bad about using Photoshop for the bulk of my design?\u201d Well, any seasoned designer will tell you that working in Photoshop is akin to working in a minefield: you never know when it\u2019s going to blow up in your face.\n\n The application Adobe Photoshop CS4 has unexpectedly ruined your day.\n\nPhotoshop\u2019s propensity to crash at crucial moments is a running joke in the industry, as is its barely usable interface. And don\u2019t even get me started on the hot, steaming pile of crap that is  text rendering.\n\n Text rendered in Photoshop (left) versus Safari (right).\n\nCrashing and text rendering issues suck, but we\u2019ve learned to live with them. The real issue with using Photoshop for mockups is the expectations you\u2019re setting for a client. When you send the client a static image of the design, you\u2019re not giving them the whole picture \u2014 they can\u2019t see how a fluid grid would function, how the design will look in a variety of browsers, basic interactions like :hover effects, or JavaScript behaviors. For more on the disadvantages to showing clients designs as images rather than websites, check out Andy Clarke\u2019s Time to stop showing clients static design visuals.\n\nA necessary evil?\n\nIn the past we\u2019ve put up with Photoshop because it was vital to achieving our beloved rounded corners, drop shadows, outer glows, and gradients. However, with the recent adaptation of CSS3 in major browsers, and the slow, joyous death of IE6, browsers can render mockups that are just as beautiful as those created in an image editor. With the power of RGBA, text-shadow, box-shadow, border-radius, transparent PNGs, and @font-face combined, you can create a prototype that radiates shiny awesomeness right in the browser. If you can see this epic article through to the end, I\u2019ll show you step by step how to create a gorgeous mockup using mostly markup.\n\nGet started by getting naked \n\n\n\tContent precedes design. Design in the absence of content is not design, it\u2019s decoration.\n\n\t Jeffrey Zeldman\n\n\nIn the beginning, don\u2019t even think about style. Instead, start with the foundation: the content. Lay the groundwork for your markup order, and ensure that your design will be useable with styles and images turned off. This is great for prioritizing the content, and puts you on the right path for accessibility and search engine optimization. Not a bad place to start, amirite?\n\n An example of unstyled content, in all its naked glory. View it large.\n\nFlush out the layout \n\nThe next step is to structure the content in a usable way. With CSS, making basic layout changes is as easy as switching up a float, so experiment to see what structure suits the content best.\n\n The mockup with basic layout work done.\n\nGot your grids covered\n\nThere are a variety of tools that allow you to layer a grid over your browser window. For Mac users I recommend using Slammer, and PC users can check out one of the bookmarklets that are available, such as 960 Gridder.\n\n The mockup with a grid applied using Slammer.\n\nOnce you\u2019ve found a layout that works well for the content, pass it along to the client for review. This keeps them involved in the design process, and gives them an idea of how the site will be structured when it\u2019s live.\n\nStart your styling\n\nNow for the fun part: begin applying the presentation layer. Let usability considerations drive your decisions about color and typography; use highlighted colors and contrasting typefaces on elements you wish to emphasize.\n\nRGBA? More like RGByay!\n\nIntroducing color is easy with RGBA. I like to start with the page\u2019s main color, then use white at varying opacities to empasize content sections.\n\n In the example mockup the body background is set to rgba(203,111,21), the content containers are set to rgba(255,255,255,0.7), and a few elements are highlighted with rgba(255,255,255,0.1) If you\u2019re not sure how RGBA works, check out Drew McLellan\u2019s super helpful 24ways article.\n\nLaying down type\n\nJust like with color, you can use typography to evoke a feeling and direct a user\u2019s attention. Have contrasting typefaces (like serif headlines and sans-serif body text) to group the content into meaningful sections.\n\nIn a recent A List Apart article, the Master of Web Typography\u2122 Jason Santa Maria offers excellent advice on how to choose your typefaces:\n\n\n\tWrite down a general description of the qualities of the message you are trying to convey, and then look for typefaces that embody those qualities.\n\n\nSounds pretty straightforward. I wanted to give my design a classic feel with a hint of nostalgia, so I used Georgia for the headlines, and incorporated the ornate ampersand from Baskerville into the header.\n\n A closeup on the site\u2019s header.\n\nLet\u2019s get sexy\n\nThe design doesn\u2019t look too bad as it is, but it\u2019s still pretty flat. We can do better, and after mixing in some CSS3 and a couple of PNGs, it\u2019s going to get downright steamy in here.\n\nGive it some glow\n\nObjects in the natural world reflect light, so to make your design feel tangible and organic, give it some glow. In the example design I achieved this by creating two white to transparent gradients of varying opacities. Both have a solid white border across their top, which gives edges a double border effect and makes them look sharper. Using CSS3\u2019s text-shadow on headlines and box-shadow on content modules is another quick way to add depth.\n\n A wide and closeup view of the design with gradients, text-shadow and box-shadow added. For information on how to implement text-shadow and box-shadow using RGBA, check out the article I wrote on it last week.\n\n\n37 pieces of flair\n\nOkay, maybe you don\u2019t need that much flair, but it couldn\u2019t hurt to add a little; it\u2019s the details that will set your design apart. Work in imagery and texture, using PNGs with an alpha channel so you can layer images and still tweak the color later on.\n\n The design with grungy textures, a noisy diagonal stripe pattern, and some old transportation images layered behind the text. Because the colors are rendered using RGBA, these images bleed through the content, giving the design a layered feel. Best viewed large.\n\n\nSend it off\n\nHey, look at that. You\u2019ve got a detailed, well structured mockup for the client to review. Best of all, your markup is complete too. If the client approves the design at this stage, your template is practically finished. Bust out the party hats!\n\nNot so fast, Buster!\n\nSo I don\u2019t know about you, but I\u2019ve never gotten a design past the client\u2019s keen eye for criticism on the first go. Let\u2019s review some hypothetical feedback (none of which is too outlandish, in my experience), and see how we\u2019d make the requested changes in the browser. \n\nUpdating the typography\n\n\n\tMy ex-girlfriend loved Georgia, so I never want to see it again. Can we get rid of it? I want to use a font that\u2019s chunky and loud, just like my stupid ex-girlfriend.\n\n\t Fakey McClient\n\n\nYikes! Thankfully with CSS, removing Georgia is as easy as running a find and replace on the stylesheet. In my revised mockup, I used @font-face and League Gothic on the headlines to give the typography the, um, unique feel the client is looking for.\n\n The same mockup, using @font-face on the headlines. If you\u2019re unfamiliar with implementing @font-face, check out Nice Web Type\u2018s helpful article.\n\nAdding rounded corners\n\n\n\tI\u2019m not sure if I\u2019ll like it, but I want to see what it\u2019d look like with rounded corners. My cousin, a Web 2.0 marketing guru, says they\u2019re trendy right now.\n\n\t Fakey McClient\n\n\nSwitching to rounded corners is a nightmare if you\u2019re doing your mockup in Photoshop, since it means recreating most of the shapes and UI elements in the design. Thankfully, with CSS border-radius comes to our rescue! By applying this gem of a style to a handful of classes, you\u2019ll be rounded out in no time.\n\n The mockup with rounded corners, created using border-radius. If you\u2019re not sure how to implement border-radius, check out CSS3.info\u2018s quick how-to.\n\nMaking changes to the color\n\n\n\tThe design is too dark, it\u2019s depressing! They call it \u2018the blues\u2019 for a reason, dummy. Can you try using a brighter color? I want orange, like Zeldman uses.\n\n\t Fakey McClient\n\n\nMaking color changes is another groan-inducing task when working in Photoshop. Finding and updating every background layer, every drop shadow, and every link can take forever in a complex PSD. However, if you\u2019ve done your mockup in markup with RGBA and semi-transparent PNGs, making changes to your color is as easy as updating the body background and a few font colors.\n\n The mockup with an orange color scheme. Best viewed large.\n\nAhem, what about Internet Explorer?\n\nGee, thanks for reminding me, buzzkill. Several of the CSS features I\u2019ve suggested you use, such as RGBA, text-shadow and box-shadow, and border-radius, are not supported in Internet Explorer. I know, it makes me sad too. However, this doesn\u2019t mean you can\u2019t try these techniques out in your markup based mockups.  The point here is to get your mockups done as efficiently as possible, and to keep the emphasis on markup from the very beginning.\n\nOnce the design is approved, you and the client have to decide if you can live with the design looking different in different browsers. Is it so bad if some users get to see drop shadows and some don\u2019t? Or if the rounded corners are missing for a portion of your audience? The design won\u2019t be broken for IE people, they\u2019re just missing out on a few visual treats that other users will see.\n\nThe idea of rewarding users who choose modern browsers is not a new concept; Dan covers it thoroughly in Handcrafted CSS, and it\u2019s been written about in the past by Aaron Gustafson and Andy Clarke on several occasions. I believe we shouldn\u2019t have to design for the lowest common denominator (cough, IE6 users, cough); instead we should create designs that are beautiful in modern browsers, but still degrade nicely for the other guy. However, some clients just aren\u2019t that progressive, and in that case you can always use background images for drop shadows and rounded corners, as you have in the past. \n\nClosing thoughts\n\nWith the advent of CSS3, browsers are just as capable of giving us beautiful, detailed mockups as Photoshop, and in half the time. I\u2019m not the only one to make an argument for this revised process; in his article Time to stop showing clients static design visuals, and in his presentation Walls Come Tumbling Down, Andy Clarke makes a fantastic case for creating your mockups in markup.\n\nSo I guess my challenge to you for 2010 is to get out of Photoshop and into the code. Even if the arguments for designing in the browser aren\u2019t enough to make you change your process permanently, it\u2019s worthwhile to give it a try. Look at the New Year as a time to experiment; applying constraints and evaluating old processes can do wonders for improving your efficiency and creativity.", "year": "2009", "author": "Meagan Fisher", "author_slug": "meaganfisher", "published": "2009-12-24T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2009/make-your-mockup-in-markup/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 282, "title": "Front-end Style Guides", "contents": "We all know that feeling: some time after we launch a site, new designers and developers come in and make adjustments. They add styles that don\u2019t fit with the content, use typefaces that make us cringe, or chuck in bloated code. But if we didn\u2019t leave behind any documentation, we can\u2019t really blame them for messing up our hard work.\n\nTo counter this problem, graphic designers are often commissioned to produce style guides as part of a rebranding project. A style guide provides details such as how much white space should surround a logo, which typefaces and colours a brand uses, along with when and where it is appropriate to use them.\n\nDesign guidelines\n\nSome design guidelines focus on visual branding and identity. The UK National Health Service (NHS) refer to theirs as \u201cbrand guidelines\u201d. They help any designer create something such as a trustworthy leaflet for an NHS doctor\u2019s surgery. Similarly, Transport for London\u2019s \u201cdesign standards\u201d ensure the correct logos and typefaces are used in communications, and that they comply with the Disability Discrimination Act.\n\nSome guidelines go further, encompassing a whole experience, from the visual branding to the messaging, and the icon sets used. The BBC calls its guidelines a \u201cGlobal Experience Language\u201d or GEL. It\u2019s essential for maintaining coherence across multiple sites under the same BBC brand.\n\n\nThe BBC\u2019s Global Experience Language.\n\nDesign guidelines may be brief and loose to promote creativity, like Mozilla\u2019s \u201cbrand toolkit\u201d, or be precise and run to many pages to encourage greater conformity, such as Apple\u2019s \u201cHuman Interface Guidelines\u201d.\n\nWhatever name or form they\u2019re given, documenting reusable styles is invaluable when maintaining a brand identity over time, particularly when more than one person (who may not be a designer) is producing material.\n\nCode standards documents\n\nWe can make a similar argument for code. For example, in open source projects, where hundreds of developers are submitting code, it makes sense to set some standards. Drupal and Wordpress have written standards that make editing code less confusing for users, and more maintainable for contributors.\n\nEach community has nuances: Drupal requests that developers indent with two spaces, while Wordpress stipulates a tab. Whatever the rules, good code standards documents also explain why they make their recommendations.\n\nThe front-end developer\u2019s style guide\n\nDesign style guides and code standards documents have been a successful way of ensuring brand and code consistency, but in between the code and the design examples, web-based style guides are emerging. These are maintained by front-end developers, and are more dynamic than visual design guidelines, documenting every component and its code on the site in one place.\n\nHere are a few examples I\u2019ve seen in the wild:\n\nNatalie Downe\u2019s pattern portfolio\n\nNatalie created the pattern portfolio system while working at Clearleft. The phrase describes a single HTML page containing all the site\u2019s components and styles that can act as a deliverable.\n\n\nPattern portfolio by Natalie Downe for St Paul\u2019s School, kept up to date when new components are added. The entire page is about four times the length shown.\n\nEach different item within a pattern portfolio is a building block or module. The components are decoupled from the layout, and linearized so they can slot into anywhere on a page.\n\n\n\tThe pattern portfolio expresses every component and layout structure in the smallest number of documents. It sets out how the markup and CSS should be, and is used to illustrate the project\u2019s shared vocabulary.\n\n\tNatalie Downe\n\n\nBy developing a system, rather than individual pages, the result is flexible when the client wants to add more pages later on.\n\nPaul Lloyd\u2019s style guide\n\nPaul Lloyd has written an extremely comprehensive style guide for his site. Not only does it feature every plausible element, but it also explains in detail when it\u2019s appropriate to use each one.\n\n\nPaul\u2019s style guide is also great educational material for people learning to write code.\n\nOli Studholme\u2019s style guide\n\nEven though Oli\u2019s style guide is specific to his site, he\u2019s written it as though it\u2019s for someone else. It\u2019s exhaustive and gives justifications for all his decisions. In some places, he links to browser bug tickets and makes recommendations for cross-browser compatibility.\n\n\nOli has released his style guide under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike license, and encourages others to create their own versions.\n\nJeremy Keith\u2019s pattern primer\n\nFront-end style guides may have comments written in the code, annotations that appear on the page, or they may list components alongside their code, like Jeremy\u2019s pattern primer.\n\n\nYou can watch or fork Jeremy\u2019s pattern primer on Github.\n\n\n\nLinearizing components like this resembles a kind of mobile first approach to development, which Jeremy talks about on the 5by5 podcast: The Web Ahead 3.\n\nThe benefits of maintaining a front-end style guide\n\nIf you still need convincing that producing documentation like this for every project is worth the effort, here are a few nice side-effects to working this way:\n\nEasier to test\n\nA unified style guide makes it easier to spot where your design breaks. It\u2019s simple to check how components adapt to different screen widths, test for browser bugs and develop print style sheets when everything is on the same page. When I worked with Natalie, she\u2019d resize the browser window and bump the text size up and down during development to see if anything would break.\n\nBetter workflow\n\nThe approach also forces you to think how something works in relation to the whole site, rather than just a specific page, making it easier to add more pages later on. Starting development by creating a style guide makes a lot more sense than developing on a page-by-page basis.\n\nShared vocabulary\n\nNatalie\u2019s pattern portfolio in particular creates a shared vocabulary of names for components (teaser, global navigation, carousel\u2026), so a team can refer to different regions of the site and have a shared understanding of its meaning.\n\nUseful reference\n\nA combined style guide also helps designers and writers to see the elements that will be incorporated in the site and, therefore, which need to be designed or populated. A boilerplate list of components for every project can act as a reminder of things that may get missed in the design, such as button states or error messages. \n\nCreating your front-end style guide\n\nAs you\u2019ve seen, there are plenty of variations on the web style guide. Which method is best depends on your project and workflow. Let\u2019s say you want to show your content team how blockquotes and asides look, when it\u2019s appropriate to use them, and how to create them within the CMS. In this case, a combination of Jeremy\u2019s pattern primer and Paul\u2019s descriptive style guide \u2013 with the styled component alongside a code snippet and a description of when to use it \u2013 may be ideal. \n\nStart work on your style guide as soon as you can, preferably during the design stage:\n\n\n\tSimply presenting flat image comps is by no means enough\u2009-\u2009it\u2019s only the start\u2026 As layouts become more adaptable, flexible and context-specific, so individual components will become the focus of our design. It is therefore essential to get the foundational aspects of our designs right, and style guides allow us to do that.\n\n\tPaul Lloyd on Style guides for the Web \n\n\n\n\tPrint out the designs and label the unique elements and components you\u2019ll need to add to your style guide. Make a note of the purpose of each component. While you\u2019re doing this, identify the main colours used for things like links, headings and buttons.\nI draw over the print-outs on to tracing paper so I can make more annotations. Here, I\u2019ve started annotating the widths from the designer\u2019s mockup so I can translate these into percentages.\n\tStart developing your style guide with base styles that target core elements: headings, links, tables, blockquotes, ordered lists, unordered lists and forms. For these elements, you could maintain a standard document to reuse for every project.\n\tNext, add the components that override the base styles, like search boxes, breadcrumbs, feedback messages and blog comments. Include interaction styles, such as hover, focus and visited state on links, and hover, focus and active states on buttons.\n\tNow start adding layout and begin slotting the components into place. You may want to present each layout as a separate document, or you could have them all on the same page stacked beneath one another.\n\n\nDocument code practices\n\nCode can look messy when people use different conventions, so note down a standard approach alongside your style guide. For example, Paul Stanton has documented how he writes CSS.\n\nThe gift wrapping\n\nPresenting this documentation to your client may be a little overwhelming so, to be really helpful, create a simple page that links together all your files and explains what each of them do.\n\n\nThis is an example of a contents page that Clearleft produce for their clients. They\u2019ve added date stamps, subversion revision numbers and written notes for each file.\n\nEncourage participation\n\nThere\u2019s always a risk that the person you\u2019re writing the style guide for will ignore it completely, so make your documentation as user-friendly as possible. Justify why you do things a certain way to make it more approachable and encourage similar behaviour.\n\nAs always, good communication helps. Working with the designer to put together this document will improve the site. It\u2019s often not practical for designers to provide a style for everything, so drafting a web style guide and asking for feedback gives designers a chance to make sure any default styles fit in.\n\nIf you work in a team with other developers, documenting your code and development decisions will not only be useful as a deliverable, but will also force you to think about why you do things a certain way.\n\nFuture-friendly\n\nThe roles of designer and developer are increasingly blurred, yet all too often we work in isolation. Working side-by-side with designers on web style guides can vastly improve the quality of our work, and the collaborative approach can spark discussions like \u201chow would this work on a smaller screen?\u201d\n\nSometimes we can be so focused on getting the site ready and live, that we lose sight of what happens after it\u2019s launched, and how it\u2019s going to be maintained. A simple web style guide can make all the difference.\n\nIf you make your own style guide, I\u2019d love to add it to my stash of examples so please share a link to it in the comments.", "year": "2011", "author": "Anna Debenham", "author_slug": "annadebenham", "published": "2011-12-07T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2011/front-end-style-guides/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 301, "title": "Stretching Time", "contents": "Time is valuable. It\u2019s a precious commodity that, if we\u2019re not too careful, can slip effortlessly through our fingers. When we think about the resources at our disposal we\u2019re often guilty of forgetting the most valuable resource we have to hand: time.\nWe are all given an allocation of time from the time bank. 86,400 seconds a day to be precise, not a second more, not a second less.\nIt doesn\u2019t matter if we\u2019re rich or we\u2019re poor, no one can buy more time (and no one can save it). We are all, in this regard, equals. We all have the same opportunity to spend our time and use it to maximum effect. As such, we need to use our time wisely.\nI believe we can \u2018stretch\u2019 time, ensuring we make the most of every second and maximising the opportunities that time affords us.\nThrough a combination of \u2018Structured Procrastination\u2019 and \u2018Focused Finishing\u2019 we can open our eyes to all of the opportunities in the world around us, whilst ensuring that we deliver our best work precisely when it\u2019s required. A win win, I\u2019m sure you\u2019ll agree.\nStructured Procrastination\nI\u2019m a terrible procrastinator. I used to think that was a curse  \u2013 \u201cWhy didn\u2019t I just get started earlier?\u201d \u2013 over time, however, I\u2019ve started to see procrastination as a valuable tool if it is used in a structured manner.\nDon Norman refers to procrastination as \u2018late binding\u2019 (a term I\u2019ve happily hijacked). As he argues, in Why Procrastination Is Good, late binding (delay, or procrastination) offers many benefits:\n\nDelaying decisions until the time for action is beneficial\u2026 it provides the maximum amount of time to think, plan, and determine alternatives.\n\nWe live in a world that is constantly changing and evolving, as such the best time to execute is often \u2018just in time\u2019. By delaying decisions until the last possible moment we can arrive at solutions that address the current reality more effectively, resulting in better outcomes.\nProcrastination isn\u2019t just useful from a project management perspective, however. It can also be useful for allowing your mind the space to wander, make new discoveries and find creative connections. By embracing structured procrastination we can \u2018prime the brain\u2019.\nAs James Webb Young argues, in A Technique for Producing Ideas, all ideas are made of other ideas and the more we fill our minds with other stimuli, the greater the number of creative opportunities we can uncover and bring to life.\nBy late binding, and availing of a lack of time pressure, you allow the mind space to breathe, enabling you to uncover elements that are important to the problem you\u2019re working on and, perhaps, discover other elements that will serve you well in future tasks.\nWhen setting forth upon the process of writing this article I consciously set aside time to explore. I allowed myself the opportunity to read, taking in new material, safe in the knowledge that what I discovered \u2013 if not useful for this article \u2013 would serve me well in the future. \nRon Burgundy summarises this neatly:\n\nProcrastinator? No. I just wait until the last second to do my work because I will be older, therefore wiser.\n\nAn \u2018older, therefore wiser\u2019 mind is a good thing. We\u2019re incredibly fortunate to live in a world where we have a wealth of information at our fingertips. Don\u2019t waste the opportunity to learn, rather embrace that opportunity. Make the most of every second to fill your mind with new material, the rewards will be ample.\nDeadlines are deadlines, however, and deadlines offer us the opportunity to focus our minds, bringing together the pieces of the puzzle we found during our structured procrastination.\nLike everyone I\u2019ll hear a tiny, but insistent voice in my head that starts to rise when the deadline is approaching. The older you get, the closer to the deadline that voice starts to chirp up.\nAt this point we need to focus.\nFocused Finishing\nWe live in an age of constant distraction. Smartphones are both a blessing and a curse, they keep us connected, but if we\u2019re not careful the constant connection they provide can interrupt our flow.\nWhen a deadline is accelerating towards us it\u2019s important to set aside the distractions and carve out a space where we can work in a clear and focused manner.\nWhen it\u2019s time to finish, it\u2019s important to avoid context switching and focus. All those micro-interactions throughout the day \u2013 triaging your emails, checking social media and browsing the web \u2013 can get in the way of you hitting your deadline. At this point, they\u2019re distractions.\nChunking tasks and managing when they\u2019re scheduled can improve your productivity by a surprising order of magnitude. At this point it\u2019s important to remove distractions which result in \u2018attention residue\u2019, where your mind is unable to focus on the current task, due to the mental residue of other, unrelated tasks.\nBy focusing on a single task in a focused manner, it\u2019s possible to minimise the negative impact of attention residue, allowing you to maximise your performance on the task at hand.\nCal Newport explores this in his excellent book, Deep Work, which I would highly recommend reading. As he puts it:\n\nEfforts to deepen your focus will struggle if you don\u2019t simultaneously wean your mind from a dependence on distraction.\n\nTo help you focus on finishing it\u2019s helpful to set up a work-focused environment that is purposefully free from distractions. There\u2019s a time and a place for structured procrastination, but \u2013 equally \u2013 there\u2019s a time and a place for focused finishing.\nThe French term \u2018mise en place\u2019 is drawn from the world of fine cuisine \u2013 I discovered it when I was procrastinating \u2013 and it\u2019s applicable in this context. The term translates as \u2018putting in place\u2019 or \u2018everything in its place\u2019 and it refers to the process of getting the workplace ready before cooking.\nJust like a professional chef organises their utensils and arranges their ingredients, so too can you.\nThanks to the magic of multiple users on computers, it\u2019s possible to create a separate user on your computer \u2013 without access to email and other social tools \u2013 so that you can switch to that account when you need to focus and hit the deadline.\nAnother, less technical way of achieving the same result \u2013 depending, of course, upon your line of work \u2013 is to close your computer and find some non-digital, unconnected space to work in.\nThe goal is to carve out time to focus so you can finish. As Newport states:\n\nIf you don\u2019t produce, you won\u2019t thrive \u2013 no matter how skilled or talented you are.\n\nProcrastination is fine, but only if it\u2019s accompanied by finishing. Create the space to finish and you\u2019ll enjoy the best of both worlds.\nIn closing\u2026\nThere is a time and a place for everything: there is a time to procrastinate, and a time to focus. To truly reap the rewards of time, the mind needs both.\nBy combining the processes of \u2018Structured Procrastination\u2019 and \u2018Focused Finishing\u2019 we can make the most of our 86,400 seconds a day, ensuring we are constantly primed to make new discoveries, but just as importantly, ensuring we hit the all-important deadlines.\nMake the most of your time, you only get so much. Use every second productively and you\u2019ll be thankful that you did. Don\u2019t waste your time, once it\u2019s gone, it\u2019s gone\u2026 and you can never get it back.", "year": "2016", "author": "Christopher Murphy", "author_slug": "christophermurphy", "published": "2016-12-21T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2016/stretching-time/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 88, "title": "Think First, Code Later", "contents": "This is a story that\u2019s best told from the end, and it\u2019s probably one you\u2019re all familiar with.\n\nYou, or someone just like you, have been building a website, probably as part of a skilled and capable team. You\u2019re a front-end developer, focusing on JavaScript \u2013 it\u2019s either your sole responsibility or shared around. It\u2019s quite a big job, been going on for months, and at last it feels like you\u2019re reaching the end of it.\n\nBut, in a brief moment of downtime, you step back and take a look at the code as a whole. You notice that the folder called \u201cjQuery plugins\u201d suddenly looks rather full, and maybe there\u2019s evidence of several methods of doing the same thing; there are loads of little niggly fixes in the bug tracker; and every place you use Ajax the structure of the data is slightly different. You sigh, and your shoulders droop slightly, and you think \u201cYeah, we\u2019ll do that more cleanly next time.\u201d\n\nThe thing is, you probably already know how to rewrite the start of this story to make the ending work better. This situation is not really anyone\u2019s fault \u2013 it\u2019s just an accumulation of all the things you decided along the way, all the things you agreed you\u2019d fix later that have disappeared into the black hole of technical debt, and accomodating all the \u201ccan we just\u2026?\u201d requests from around the team and the client.\n\nSo, the solution to this is easy, right? More interminable planning meetings, more tightly controlled and documented specifications, less freedom to innovate, to try out new ideas and enjoy what you\u2019re doing.\n\nWait, that sounds even less fun than the old way.\n\nMinimum viable planning\n\nActually, planning and specifications are exactly what you need, but the way you go about them can make a real difference, both to the quality of your code, and the quality of your life as a developer. It can be as simple as being a little more thoughtful before starting on any new piece of functionality. Involve your whole team if possible, or at least those working on what you\u2019re doing. Canvass opinions and work out what the solution to the problem might look like first, rather than coding speculatively to find out.\n\nThere are easy ways you can get into this habit of putting the thought and design up front, and it doesn\u2019t have to mean spending more time on the project as a whole. It also doesn\u2019t have to result in reams of functional specifications. Instead, let the code itself form the specification.\n\nAs JavaScript applications become more complex, unit testing is becoming ever more important. So embrace it, whether you prefer QUnit, or Mocha, or any of the other JavaScript testing frameworks out there. The TDD (or test-driven development) pattern is all about writing the tests first and then writing functional code to pass those tests; or, if you prefer, code that meets the specification given by the tests.\n\nSounds like a hassle at first, but once you get into the rhythm of it you should find that the time spent writing tests up front is no greater, and often significantly less, than the time you would have spent fixing bugs afterwards.\n\nIf what you\u2019re working on requires an API between client and server (usually Ajax but this can apply to any method of sending or receiving data) then spend a bit of time with the back-end developer to design the data contracts, before either of you cut any code. Work out what the API endpoints are going to be, and what the data structure you\u2019ll get back from a certain endpoint looks like. A mock JSON object documented on a wiki is enough and it can be atomic. Don\u2019t worry about planning the entire project at once, just plan enough to get on with your current tasks.\n\nDefinition in this way doesn\u2019t have to make your API immutable \u2013 change is still fine \u2013 but if you know roughly where you\u2019re heading, then not only can your team\u2019s efforts become more parallel, but you\u2019re far more likely to have an easier time making it all work. And again, you have a specification \u2013 the shape of the data \u2013 to write your JavaScript against.\n\nPutting everything together, you end up with a logical flow of development, from the specification agreed with the client (your backlog), to the specification agreed with your team (the API contract design), to the specification agreed with your code (your unit tests). Hopefully, there will be ample clues in all of this to inform your front-end library choices, because by then you should have a better picture of what you\u2019re going to need.\n\nWhat the framework?\n\nAs a JavaScript developer predominantly, these are the choices I\u2019m particularly interested in \u2013 how and why you use JavaScript libraries and frameworks, both what you expect from them and what you actually get.\n\nIf we look back at how web development, and specifically JavaScript development has progressed \u2013 from the earliest days of using lines and lines of Dreamweaver code-barf to make an image rollover effect, to today\u2019s large frameworks that handle working with the DOM, Ajax communication and visual effects all in one hit \u2013 the purpose of it is clear: to smooth over the inconsistent bumps between browsers and give a solid, reliable, predictable base on which to put our desired functionality.\n\nUnderstanding what we expect the language as a specification to do, and matching that to what we observe browsers actually doing, and then smoothing out the differences, is a big job. Since the language and the implementations are also changing as we go along, it also feels like a never-ending job. So make full use of this valuable effort. Use jQuery or YUI or anything else you\u2019re comfortable with, but it still pays to think early on about what you need your library to do and what the best choice is to meet that need.\n\nI\u2019ve come in to projects as a fixer and found, to take a recent example, that jQuery UI was being used just to provide a date picker and a modal effect. That\u2019s a lot of code weight to provide two fairly simple pieces of functionality that could easily be covered by smaller plugins. Which isn\u2019t to say that jQuery UI itself is a bad choice, but I could see that it had been included late on just to do those things, whereas a more considered approach would have been to put the library in early and use it more universally.\n\nThere are other choices, too. If you automatically throw in jQuery (or whatever your favourite main library is) to a small site with limited functionality, you might only touch a tiny fraction of its scope. In my own development I started looking at what I actually needed from a JavaScript library. For a simple project like What the Framework?, all jQuery needed to do was listen for .ready() and then perform some light DOM selection before handing over to a client-side MVC framework. So perhaps there was another way to go about this while still avoiding the cross-browser headaches.\n\nDeleting jQuery\n\nBut the jQuery pattern is compelling and familiar. And once you\u2019re comfortable with something, it\u2019s a bit of an effort to force yourself out of that comfort zone and learn. But looking back at my whole career, I realised that I\u2019ve relearned pretty much everything I do, probably several times, since I started out. So it\u2019s worth keeping in mind that learning and trying new things is how development has advanced to where it is now, and how it will keep advancing in the future.\n\nIn the end this lead me to Ender, which is billed as an NPM-style package manager for the browser, letting you search for and manage small, loosely coupled modules and their dependencies, and compile them to one file with a common API.\n\nFor What the Framework I ended up with a set of DOM tools, Underscore and Knockout, all minified into 25kb of JavaScript. This compares really well with 32kb minified for jQuery on its own, and Ender\u2019s use of the dollar variable and the jQuery-like syntax in many modules makes switching over a low-friction experience.\n\nOn more complex projects, where you\u2019re really going to use all the features of something like jQuery, but want to minimise the loading of other dependencies when you don\u2019t need them, I\u2019ve recently started looking at Jam. This uses the RequireJS pattern to compile commonly used code into a library file and then manage dependencies and bring in others on a per-page basis depending on how you need it. Again, it all comes down to thinking about what you need and using it only when you need it. And the configurability of tools like Ender or Jam allow you to be responsive to changing requirements as your project grows.\n\nThere is no right answer\n\nThat\u2019s not to say this way of working automatically makes things easier. It doesn\u2019t. On a large, long-running project or one where future functionality is unknown, it\u2019s still hard to predict and plan for everything \u2013 at least until crystal balls as a service come about. But by including strong engineering practices in your front-end, and trying to minimise technical debt, you\u2019re at least giving yourself a decent safety net to guard against the \u201ccan we just\u2026?\u201d tendencies that are a fact of life.\n\nSo, really, this is not an advocation of using a particular technology or framework, because I can\u2019t tell you what works for you or your team. But what I can tell you is that working this way round has done wonders for my productivity and enthusiasm, both for code quality and for trying out new libraries. Give it a go, you might like it!", "year": "2012", "author": "Stephen Fulljames", "author_slug": "stephenfulljames", "published": "2012-12-07T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2012/think-first-code-later/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 194, "title": "Design Systems and Hybrids", "contents": "The other day on Twitter, I saw a thread started by Dorian Taylor about why design systems are so hot right now. In the thread, he made the case that they\u2019ve been around for ages and some folks were just slow to catch up. It was an interesting thread, and not the first time I\u2019ve seen folks discuss this. \u201cDesign systems are so hot right now\u201d was even used recently\u00a0in this very publication.\nAnd yes it\u2019s true that they\u2019ve been around for ages. Design artefact collectors\u2019 obsession with reprints of old graphic standards manuals of the past\u00a0are a reminder. Sometimes old things become new again, either through a rediscovery or awakening (wow, that sounds really deep). But I think that\u2019s definitely what happened here.\nSome very opinionated answers that come to mind for me are:\n\nThe need for them has increased with the needs of software development. With the increasing number of devices (phones, tablets, watches, etc.), scaling design has required the need to double down on systems thinking and processes.\nInvestments with huge cost-saving returns. The time investment it takes to onboard new people as you staff up large teams (and the time it takes to fix bugs and inconsistencies) could be better spent building up a system that lets you ship at a faster pace. It also gives you more time to focus on the bigger picture instead of what color a button border is.\nIf you do\u00a0have to onboard new designers, the design system is a great educational resource to get up to speed quickly on your organization\u2019s design principles, materials/tools, and methods.\n\n\n\u201cHere\u2019s the simple truth: you can\u2019t innovate on products without first innovating the way you build them.\u201d\n\u2014 Alex Schleifer, The Way We Build\n\nThese are just some of the reasons. But there is another answer, and a personal conclusion that I\u2019ve reached. It relates to the way I work and what I love working on, but I don\u2019t see it talked about much.\nHybrids Have a Home\nI\u2019m a hybrid designer. I code in HTML & CSS (with a preference for Sass). But I don\u2019t call myself a frontend developer. I used to back in the day (I was a UI frontend developer at Apple over a decade ago, but all I wrote was HTML & CSS). I identify with designer because that\u2019s my training and interest, but the ideas of what a frontend developer can do has changed quite a ton over the years. Setting things up in build tools and processes are not my skill. And I know a lot of designers who share this experience with me.\nThere are also hybrid developers who identify as developers, but have excellent design skills. Buddies like my pal Brandon Ferrua\u00a0who was on my team at Salesforce is a great example of this. And we worked fantastically together.\nSometimes, companies don\u2019t know how to deal with hybrids. I\u2019ve been told to choose a side, and have even been made to join a development team simply because I could code my designs (and then when I couldn\u2019t deliver the same type of code my teammates could, and I felt like I wasn\u2019t able to use my talents in the most effective way).\nThere are a lot more folks out there I know of who identify as a hybrid, and many have found ourselves working on design systems. Una Kravets recently had a thread discussing this as well. At Clarity, this came up a lot in hallway conversations, breaks, and the after parties. I think that this job is a haven for folks who often find themselves in the middle.\nFor companies that get it, these people find joy in getting to use a wider variety of skills and being bridges; advocates that can speak to designers and developers, helping bring \u2028unity to an organization. They can wireframe, throw together a prototype, create color systems, architect naming conventions for design tokens. Design systems are their perfect home. I think this has contributed to the uptick in discussions and interest on this subject (in addition to the team- and company-focused reasons).\nKeep Design Systems Teams Cross-Functional\nSpeaking of teams, something some larger companies fall prey to is creating walls and silos where they need not be. If you place all your visual designers in one place, all your coders in another, and so on, you\u2019re not doing yourselves any favors. Meanwhile, your hybrids are caught in the middle not knowing exactly where they belong. Design systems teams should have representatives (whether on a core team, or a virtual/federated team) that bring different skillsets. Design, code, writing, accessibility, product management, and so on. You\u2019ll have a stronger vision on where to take your design system and to make it succeed. Siloing defeats the whole purpose of what design systems are meant for.\nHappy holidays, and may the force be with you.\nFurther Reading\n\nWhy Design Systems Fail\nDesign Systems are for People\nDesign Systems Handbook", "year": "2017", "author": "Jina Anne", "author_slug": "jina", "published": "2017-12-22T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2017/design-systems-and-hybrids/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 155, "title": "Minification: A Christmas Diet", "contents": "The festive season is generally more about gorging ourselves than staying thin but we\u2019re going to change all that with a quick introduction to minification.\n\nPerformance has been a hot topic this last year. We\u2019re building more complex sites and applications but at the same time trying to make then load faster and behave more responsively. What is a discerning web developer to do?\n\nMinification is the process of make something smaller, in the case of web site performance we\u2019re talking about reducing the size of files we send to the browser. The primary front-end components of any website are HTML, CSS, Javascript and a sprinkling of images. Let\u2019s find some tools to trim the fat and speed up our sites.\n\nFor those that want to play along at home you can download the various utilities for Mac or Windows. You\u2019ll want to be familiar with running apps on the command line too.\n\nHTMLTidy\n\nHTMLTidy optimises and strips white space from HTML documents. It also has a pretty good go at correcting any invalid markup while it\u2019s at it.\n\ntidy -m page.html\n\nCSSTidy\n\nCSSTidy takes your CSS file, optimises individual rules (for instance transforming padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px; to padding: 10px 0;) and strips unneeded white space.\n\ncsstidy style.css style-min.css\n\nJSMin\n\nJSMin takes your javascript and makes it more compact. With more and more websites using javascript to power (progressive) enhancements this can be a real bandwidth hog. Look out for pre-minified versions of libraries and frameworks too.\n\njsmin <script.js >script-min.js\n\nRemember to run JSLint before you run JSMin to catch some common problems.\n\nOptiPNG\n\nImages can be a real bandwidth hog and making all of them smaller with OptiPNG should speed up your site.\n\noptipng image.png\n\nAll of these tools have an often bewildering array of options and generally good documentation included as part of the package. A little experimentation will get you even more bang for your buck.\n\nFor larger projects you likely won\u2019t want to be manually minifying all your files. The best approach here is to integrate these tools into your build process and have your live website come out the other side smaller than it went in.\n\nYou can also do things on the server to speed things up; GZIP compression for instance or compilation of resources to reduce the number of HTTP requests. If you\u2019re interested in performance a good starting point is the Exceptional Performance section on the Yahoo Developer Network and remember to install the YSlow Firebug extension while you\u2019re at it.", "year": "2007", "author": "Gareth Rushgrove", "author_slug": "garethrushgrove", "published": "2007-12-06T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2007/minification-a-christmas-diet/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 218, "title": "Put Yourself in a Corner", "contents": "Some backstory, and a shameful confession\n\nFor the first couple years of high school I was one of those jerks who made only the minimal required effort in school. Strangely enough, how badly I behaved in a class was always in direct proportion to how skilled I was in the subject matter. In the subjects where I was confident that I could pass without trying too hard, I would give myself added freedom to goof off in class.\n\nBecause I was a closeted lit-nerd, I was most skilled in English class. I\u2019d devour and annotate required reading over the weekend, I knew my biblical and mythological allusions up and down, and I could give you a postmodern interpretation of a text like nobody\u2019s business. But in class, I\u2019d sit in the back and gossip with my friends, nap, or scribble patterns in the margins of my textbooks. I was nonchalant during discussion, I pretended not to listen during lectures. I secretly knew my stuff, so I did well enough on tests, quizzes, and essays. But I acted like an ass, and wasn\u2019t getting the most I could out of my education.\n\nThe day of humiliation, but also epiphany\n\nOne day in Ms. Kaney\u2019s AP English Lit class, I was sitting in the back doodling. An earbud was dangling under my sweater hood, attached to the CD player (remember those?) sitting in my desk. Because of this auditory distraction, the first time Ms. Kaney called my name, I barely noticed. I definitely heard her the second time, when she didn\u2019t call my name so much as roar it. I can still remember her five feet frame stomping across the room and grabbing an empty desk. It screamed across the worn tile as she slammed it next to hers. She said, \u201cThis is where you sit now.\u201d My face gets hot just thinking about it.\n\nI gathered my things, including the CD player (which was now impossible to conceal), and made my way up to the newly appointed Seat of Shame. There I sat, with my back to the class, eye-to-eye with Ms. Kaney. From my new vantage point I couldn\u2019t see my friends, or the clock, or the window. All I saw were Ms. Kaney\u2019s eyes, peering at me over her reading glasses while I worked. In addition to this punishment, I was told that from now on, not only would I participate in class discussions, but I would serve detention with her once a week until an undetermined point in the future.\n\nDuring these detentions, Ms. Kaney would give me new books to read, outside the curriculum, and added on to my normal homework. They ranged from classics to modern novels, and she read over my notes on each book. We\u2019d discuss them at length after class, and I grew to value not only our private discussions, but the ones in class as well. After a few weeks, there wasn\u2019t even a question of this being punishment. It was heaven, and I was more productive than ever.\n\nTo the point\n\nPlease excuse this sentimental story. It\u2019s not just about honoring a teacher who cared enough to change my life, it\u2019s really about sharing a lesson. The most valuable education Ms. Kaney gave me had nothing to do with literature. She taught me that I (and perhaps other people who share my special brand of crazy) need to be put in a corner to flourish. When we have physical and mental constraints applied, we  accomplish our best work.\n\nFor those of you still reading, now seems like a good time to insert a pre-emptive word of mediation. Many of you, maybe all of you, are self-disciplined enough that you don\u2019t require the rigorous restrictions I use to maximize productivity. Also, I know many people who operate best in a stimulating and open environment. I would advise everyone to seek and execute techniques that work best for them. But, for those of you who share my inclination towards daydreams and digressions, perhaps you\u2019ll find something useful in the advice to follow.\n\nIn which I pretend to be Special Agent Olivia Dunham\n\nNow that I\u2019m an adult, and no longer have Ms. Kaney to reign me in, I have to find ways to put myself in the corner. By rejecting distraction and shaping an environment designed for intense focus, I\u2019m able to achieve improved productivity.\n\nLately I\u2019ve been obsessed with the TV show Fringe, a sci-fi series about an FBI agent and her team of genius scientists who save the world (no, YOU\u2019RE a nerd). There\u2019s a scene in the show where the primary character has to delve into her subconscious to do extraordinary things, and she accomplishes this by immersing herself in a sensory deprivation tank. The premise is this: when enclosed in a space devoid of sound, smell, or light, she will enter a new plane of consciousness wherein she can tap into new levels of perception.\n\nThis might sound a little nuts, but to me this premise has some real-world application. When I am isolated from distraction, and limited to only the task at hand, I\u2019m able to be productive on a whole new level. Since I can\u2019t actually work in an airtight iron enclosure devoid of input, I find practical ways to create an interruption-free environment.\n\nSince I work from home, many of my methods for coping with distractions wouldn\u2019t be necessary for my office-bound counterpart. However for some of you 9-to-5-ers, the principles will still apply.\n\nConsider your visual input\n\nFirst, I have to limit my scope to the world I can (and need to) affect. In the largest sense, this means closing my curtains to the chaotic scene of traffic, birds, the post office, a convenience store, and generally lovely weather that waits outside my window. When the curtains are drawn and I\u2019m no longer surrounded by this view, my sphere is reduced to my desk, my TV, and my cat. Sometimes this step alone is enough to allow me to focus. \n\nBut, my visual input can be whittled down further still. For example, the desk where I usually keep my laptop is littered with twelve owl figurines, a globe, four books, a three-pound weight, and various nerdy paraphernalia (hard drives, Wacom tablets, unnecessary bluetooth accessories, and so on). It\u2019s not so much a desk as a dumping ground for wacky flea market finds and impulse technology buys. Therefore, in addition to this Official Desk, I have an adult version of Ms. Kaney\u2019s Seat of Shame. It\u2019s a rusty old student\u2019s desk I picked up at the Salvation Army, almost an exact replica of the model Ms. Kaney dragged across the classroom all those years ago.  This tiny reproduction Seat of Shame is literally in a corner, where my only view is a blank wall. When I truly need to focus, this is where I take refuge, with only a notebook and a pencil (and occasionally an iPad).\n\nFind out what works for your ears\n\nEven from my limited sample size of two people, I know there are lots of different ways to cope with auditory distraction. I prefer silence when focused on independent work, and usually employ some form of a white noise generator. I\u2019ve yet to opt for the fancy \u2018real\u2019 white noise machines; instead, I use a desktop fan or our allergy filter machine. This is usually sufficient to block out the sounds of the dishwasher and the cat, which allows me to think only about the task of hand.\n\nMy boyfriend, the other half of my extensive survey, swears by another method. He  calls it The Wall of Sound, and it\u2019s basically an intense blast of raucous music streamed directly into his head. The outcome of his technique is really the same as mine; he\u2019s blocking out unexpected auditory input. If you can handle the grating sounds of noisy music while working, I suggest you give The Wall of Sound a try.\n\nDon\u2019t count the minutes\n\nWhen I sat in the original Seat of Shame in lit class, I could no longer see the big classroom clock slowly ticking away the seconds until lunch. Without the marker of time, the class period often flew by. The same is true now when I work; the less aware of time I am, the less it feels like time is passing too quickly or slowly, and the more I can focus on the task (not how long it takes). \n\nNowadays, to assist in my effort to forget the passing of time, I sometimes put a sticky note over the clock on my monitor. If I\u2019m writing, I\u2019ll use an app like WriteRoom, which blocks out everything but a simple text editor. \n\nThere are situations when it\u2019s not advisable to completely lose track of time. If I\u2019m working on a project with an hourly rate and a tight scope, or if I need to be on time to a meeting or call, I don\u2019t want to lose myself in the expanse of the day. In these cases, I\u2019ll set an alarm that lets me know it\u2019s time to reign myself back in (or on some days, take a shower).\n\nPut yourself in a mental corner, too\n\nWhen Ms. Kaney took action and forced me to step up my game, she had the insight to not just change things physically, but to challenge me mentally as well. She assigned me reading material outside the normal coursework, then upped the pressure by requiring detailed reports of the material. While this additional stress was sometimes uncomfortable, it pushed me to work harder than I would have had there been less of a demand. Just as there can be freedom in the limitations of a distraction-free environment, I\u2019d argue there is liberty in added mental constraints as well.\n\nDeadlines as a constraint\n\nMuch has been written about the role of deadlines in the creative process, and they seem to serve different functions in different cases. I find that deadlines usually act as an important constraint and, without them, it would be nearly impossible for me to ever consider a project finished. There are usually limitless ways to improve upon the work I do and, if there\u2019s no imperative for me to be done at a certain point, I will revise ad infinitum. (Hence, the personal site redesign that will never end \u2013 Coming Soon, Forever!). But if I have a clear deadline in mind, there\u2019s a point when the obsessive tweaking has to stop. I reach a stage where I have to gather up the nerve to launch the thing.\n\nPutting the pro in procrastination\n\nSometimes I\u2019ve found that my tendency to procrastinate can help my productivity. (Ducks, as half the internet throws things at her.) I understand the reasons why procrastination can be harmful, and why it\u2019s usually a good idea to work diligently and evenly towards a goal. I try to divide my projects up in a practical way, and sometimes I even pull it off. But for those tasks where you work aimlessly and no focus comes, or you find that every other to-do item is more appealing, sometimes you\u2019re forced to bring it together at the last moment. And sometimes, this environment of stress is a formula for magic. Often when I\u2019m down to the wire and have no choice but to produce, my mind shifts towards a new level of clarity. There\u2019s no time to endlessly browse for inspiration, or experiment with convoluted solutions that lead nowhere.\n\nObviously a life lived perpetually on the edge of a deadline would be a rather stressful one, so it\u2019s not a state of being I\u2019d advocate for everyone, all the time. But every now and then, the work done when I\u2019m down to the wire is my best.\n\nKeep one toe outside your comfort zone\n\nWhen I\u2019m choosing new projects to take on, I often seek out work that involves an element of challenge. Whether it\u2019s a design problem that will require some creative thinking, or a coding project that lends itself to using new technology like HTML5, I find a manageable level of difficulty to be an added bonus. The tension that comes from learning a new skill or rethinking an old standby is a useful constraint, as it keeps the work interesting, and ensures that I continue learning.\n\nThere you have it\n\nWell, I think I\u2019ve spilled most of my crazy secrets for forcing my easily distracted brain to focus. As with everything we web workers do, there are an infinite number of ways to encourage productivity. I hope you\u2019ve found a few of these to be helpful, and please share your personal techniques in the comments. Have a happy and productive new year!", "year": "2010", "author": "Meagan Fisher", "author_slug": "meaganfisher", "published": "2010-12-20T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/put-yourself-in-a-corner/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 66, "title": "Solve the Hard Problems", "contents": "So, here we find ourselves on the cusp of 2016. We\u2019ve had a good year \u2013 the web is still alive, no one has switched it off yet. Clients still have websites, teenagers still have phone apps, and there continue to be plenty of online brands to meaningfully engage with each day. Good job team, high fives all round.\nAs it\u2019s the time to make resolutions, I wanted to share three small ideas to take into the new year.\nGet good at what you do\n\u201cHow do you get to Carnegie Hall?\u201d the old joke goes. \u201cPractise, practise, practise.\u201d \nWe work in an industry where there is an awful lot to learn. There\u2019s a lot to learn to get started and then once you do, there\u2019s a lot more to learn to keep your skills current. Just when you think you\u2019ve mastered something, it changes.\nThis is true of many industries, of course, but the sheer pace of change for us makes learning not an annual activity, but daily. Learning takes time, and while I\u2019m not convinced that every skill takes the fabled ten thousand hours to master, there is certainly no escaping that to remain current we must reinvest time in keeping our skills up to date.\nPicking where to spend your time\nOne of the hardest aspects of this thing of ours is just choosing what to learn. If you, like me, invested any time in learning the Less CSS preprocessor over the last few years, you\u2019ll probably now be spending your time relearning Sass instead. If you spent time learning Grunt, chances are you\u2019ll now be thinking about whether you should switch to Gulp. It\u2019s not just that there are new types of tools, there are new tools and frameworks to do the things you\u2019re already doing, but, well, differently.\nDeciding what to learn is hard and the costs of backing the wrong horse can seriously mount up; so much so that by the time you\u2019ve learned and then relearned the tools everyone says you need for your job, there\u2019s rarely enough time to spend really getting to know how best to use them.\n\u00a0Practise, practise, practise\nDo you know how you don\u2019t get to Carnegie Hall? By learning a new instrument each week. It takes time and experience to really learn something well. That goes for a new JavaScript framework as much as a violin. If you flit from one shiny new thing to another, you\u2019re destined to produce amateurish work forever.\nLearn the new thing, but then stick with it long enough to get really good at it \u2013 even if Twitter trolls try to convince you it\u2019s not cool. What\u2019s really not cool is living as a forevernoob. \nIf you\u2019re still not sure what to learn, go back to basics. Considering a new CSS or JavaScript framework? Invest that time in learning the underlying CSS or JavaScript really well instead. Those skills will stand the test of time.\nAudience and purpose\nBack when I was in school, my English teacher (a nice Welsh lady, who I appreciate more now than I did back then) used to love to remind us that every piece of writing should have an audience and a purpose. So much so that audience and purpose almost became her catch phrase. For every essay, article or letter, we were reminded to consider who we were writing it for and what we were trying to achieve. \nIt\u2019s something I think about a lot; certainly when writing, but also in almost every other creative endeavour. Asking who is this for and what am I trying to achieve applies equally to designing a logo or website, through to composing music or writing software.\nBeing productive\nIt seems like everyone wants to have a product these days. As someone who used to do client services work and now has a product company, I often talk with people who are interested in taking something they\u2019ve built in-house and turning it into a product. You know the sort of thing: a design agency with its own CMS or project management web app; the very logical thought process of: if this helps our business, maybe others will find it valuable too; the question that inevitably follows: could we turn this into a product?\nWhether consciously or not, the audience and purpose influence nearly every aspect of your creative process. Once written or designed or developed or created, revising a work to change the audience and purpose can be quite a challenge. No matter how much you want to turn the tension-building, atmospheric music for a horror film into a catchy chart hit, it\u2019s going to be a struggle. Yes, it\u2019s music, but that\u2019s neither the audience nor purpose for which it was created.\nThe same is absolutely true for your in-house tools \u2013 those were also designed for a specific audience and purpose. Your in-house CMS would have been designed with an audience of your own development team, who are busy implementing sites for clients. The purpose is to make that team more productive overall, taking into account considerations of maintaining multiple sites on a common codebase, training clients, a more mature and stable platform and all the other benefits of reusing the same code for each project. The audience is your team and the purpose increased productivity.\nThat\u2019s very different from a customer who wants to buy a polished system to use off-the-shelf. If their needs perfectly aligned with yours then they wouldn\u2019t be in the market for your product \u2013 they would have built their own.\nSometimes you hear the advice to \u201cscratch your own itch\u201d when it comes to product design. I don\u2019t completely agree. Got an itch? Great. Find other itchy people and sell them a backscratcher.\nBuilding a product, like designing a website, is a lot of work. It requires knowing your audience and purpose inside out. You can\u2019t fudge it and you can\u2019t just hope you\u2019ll find an audience for some old thing you have lying around.\nAlways consider the audience and purpose for everything you create. It\u2019s often the difference between success and failure.\nSolve the hard problems\nHuman beings have a natural tendency to avoid hard problems. In digital design (websites, software, whatever) the received wisdom is often that we can get 80% of the way towards doing the hard thing by doing something that\u2019s not very hard.\nDo you know what you get at the end of it? Paid. But nothing really great ever happens that way.\nI worked on a client project a while back where one of the big challenges was making full use of the massive image library they had built up over the years. The client had tens of thousands of photographs, along with a fair amount of video and a large MP3 audio library too. If it wasn\u2019t managed carefully, storage sizes would get out of control, content would go unattributed, and everything would get very messy very quickly.\nI could tell from the outset that this aspect of the project was going to be a constant problem. So we tackled it head-on. We designed and built a media management system to hold and process all the assets, and added an API so the content management system could talk to it. Every time the site needed a photo at a new size, it made an API request to the system and everything was handled seamlessly.\nIt was a daunting job to invest all the time and effort in building that dedicated system and API, but it really paid off. Instead of having the constant troubles of a vast library of media, it became one of the strongest parts of the project.\nTurn your hardest problems into your biggest strengths\nThere\u2019s a funny thing about hard problems. The hardest problems are the most fun to solve and have the biggest impact.\nMaybe you\u2019re the sort of person who clocks in for work, does their job and clocks out at 5pm without another thought. But I don\u2019t think you are, because you\u2019re here reading this. If you really love what you do, I don\u2019t think you can be satisfied in your work unless you\u2019re seeking out and working on those hard problems. That\u2019s where the magic is.\n\nThe new year is a helpful time to think about breaking bad habits. Whether it\u2019s smoking a bit less, or going to the gym a bit more, the ticking over of the calendar can provide the motivation for a new start. I have some suggestions for you.\n\nGet good at what you do. Practise your skills and don\u2019t just flit from one shiny thing to the next.\nRemember who you\u2019re doing it for and why. Consider the audience and purpose for everything you create.\nSolve the hard problems. It\u2019s more interesting, more satisfying, and has a greater impact.\n\nAs we move into 2016, these are the things I\u2019m going to continue to work on. Maybe you\u2019d like to join me.", "year": "2015", "author": "Drew McLellan", "author_slug": "drewmclellan", "published": "2015-12-24T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2015/solve-the-hard-problems/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 3, "title": "Project Hubs: A Home Base for Design Projects", "contents": "SCENE: A design review meeting. Laptop screens. Coffee cups.\n\nProject manager: Hey, did you get my email with the assets we\u2019ll be discussing? \n\nClient: I got an email from you, but it looks like there\u2019s no attachment.\n\nPM: Whoops! OK. I\u2019m resending the files with the attachments. Check again?\n\nClient: OK, I see them. It\u2019s homepage_v3_brian-edits_FINAL_for-review.pdf, right? \n\nPM: Yeah, that\u2019s the one.\n\nClient: OK, hang on, Bill\u2019s going to print them out. (3-minute pause. Small talk ensues.)\n\nClient: Alright, Bill\u2019s back. We\u2019re good to start. \n\nBrian: Oh, actually those homepage edits we talked about last time are in the homepage_v4_brian_FINAL_v2.pdf document that I posted to Basecamp earlier today.\n\nClient: Oh, OK. What message thread was that in? \n\nBrian: Uh, I\u2019m pretty sure it\u2019s in \u201cHomepage Edits and Holiday Schedule.\u201d\n\nClient: Alright, I see them. Bill\u2019s going back to the printer. Hang on a sec\u2026\n\n\n\nThis is only a slightly exaggerated version of my experience in design review meetings. \n\nThe design project dance is a sloppy one. It involves a slew of email attachments, PDFs, PSDs, revisions, GitHub repos, staging environments, and more. And while tools like Basecamp can help manage all these moving parts, it can still be incredibly challenging to extract only the important bits, juggle deliverables, and see how your project is progressing.\n\nEnter project hubs. \n\nProject hubs\n\nA project hub consolidates all the key design and development materials onto a single webpage presented in reverse chronological order. The timeline lives online (either publicly available or password protected), so that everyone involved in the team has easy access to it.\n\n A project hub.\n\nI was introduced to project hubs after seeing Dan Mall\u2019s open redesign of Reading Is Fundamental. Thankfully, I had a chance to work with Dan on two projects where I got to see firsthand how beneficial a project hub can be. Here\u2019s what makes a project hub great:\n\n\n\tServes as a centralized home base for the project\n\tTrains clients and teams to decide in the browser\n\tEasily and visually view project\u2019s progress\n\tProvides an archive for project artifacts\n\n\nA home base\n\nYour clients and colleagues can expect to get the latest and greatest updates to your project when visiting the project hub, the same way you\u2019d expect to get the latest information on a requested topic when you visit a Wikipedia page. That\u2019s the beauty of URIs that don\u2019t change. \n\nCreating a project hub reduces a ton of email volley nonsense, and eliminates the need to produce files and directories with staggeringly ridiculous names like design/12.13.13/team/brian/for_review/_FINAL/styletile_121313_brian-edits-final_v2_FINAL.pdf. The team can simply visit the project hub\u2019s URL and click the link to whatever artifact they need. Need to make an update? Simply update the link on the project hub. No more email tango and silly file names. \n\nDeciding in the browser\n\n\n\tLet\u2019s change the phrase \u201cdesigning in the browser\u201d to \u201cdeciding in the browser.\u201d\nDan Mall\n\n\nWe make websites, but all too often we find ourselves looking at web design artifacts in abstractions. We email PDFs to each other, glance at mockup JPGs on our desktops, and of course kill trees in order to print out designs so that we can scribble in the margins. All of these practices subtly take everyone further and further away from the design\u2019s eventual final resting place: the browser.\n\nBecause a project hub is just a simple webpage, reviewing designs is as easy as clicking some links, which keep your clients and teams in the browser. \n\nYou can keep people in the browser with yet another clever trick from the wily Dan Mall: instead of sending clients PDFs or JPGs, he created a simple webpage and tossed his static visuals into the template (you can view an example here). This forces clients to review web design work in the browser rather than launching a PDF viewer or Preview. \n\nNow this all might sound trivial to you (\u201cOf course my client knows that we\u2019re designing a website!\u201d), but keeping the design artifacts in the browser subconsciously helps remind everyone of the medium for which you\u2019re designing, which helps everyone focus on the right aspects of the design and have the right conversations. \n\nProgress over time\n\nWhen you\u2019re in the trenches, it\u2019s often hard to visualize how a project is progressing. Tools like Basecamp include discussions, files, to-dos, and more, which are all great tools but also make things a bit noisy. Project hubs provide you and your clients a quick and easy way to see at a glance how things are coming along. Teams can rest assured they\u2019re viewing the most current versions of designs, and managers can share progress with stakeholders simply by providing a link to the project hub. \n\nOver time, a project hub becomes an easily accessible archive of all the design decisions, which makes it easy to compare and contrast different versions of designs and prototypes.\n\nSetting up a project hub\n\nSetting up your own project hub is pretty simple. Simply create a webpage with some basic styles and branding. I\u2019ve created a project hub template that\u2019s available on GitHub if you want a jump-start.\n\nPublish the webpage to a URL somewhere that makes sense (we\u2019ve found that a subdomain of your site works quite well) and share it with everyone involved in the project. Bookmark it. Let everyone know that this is where design updates will be shared, and that they can always come back to the project hub to track the project\u2019s progress.\n\nWhen it comes time to share new updates, simply add a new node to the timeline and republish the webpage. Simple FTPing works just fine, but it might make sense to keep track of changes using version control. Our project hub for our open redesign of the Pittsburgh Food Bank is managed on GitHub, which means that I can make edits to the hub right from GitHub. Thanks to the magical wizardry of webhooks, I can automatically deploy the project hub so that everything stays in sync. That\u2019s the fancy-pants way to do it, and is certainly not a requirement. As long as you\u2019re able to easily make edits and keep your project hub up to date, you\u2019re good to go. \n\nSo that\u2019s the hubbub\n\nProject hubs can help tame the chaos of the design process by providing a home base for all key design and development materials. Keep the design artifacts in the browser and give clients and colleagues quick insight into your project\u2019s progress.\n\nHappy hubbing!", "year": "2013", "author": "Brad Frost", "author_slug": "bradfrost", "published": "2013-12-17T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2013/project-hubs/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 261, "title": "Surviving\u2014and Thriving\u2014as a Remote Worker", "contents": "Remote work is hot right now. Many people even say that remote work is the future. Why should a company limit itself to hiring from a specific geographic location when there\u2019s an entire world of talent out there?\nI\u2019ve been working remotely, full-time, for five and a half years. I\u2019ve reached the point where I can\u2019t even fathom working in an office. The idea of having to wake up at a specific time and commute into an office, work for eight hours, and then commute home, feels weirdly anachronistic. I\u2019ve grown attached to my current level of freedom and flexibility.\nHowever, it took me a lot of trial and error to reach success as a remote worker \u2014 and sometimes even now, I slip up. Working remotely requires a great amount of discipline, independence, and communication. It can feel isolating, especially if you lean towards the more extroverted side of the social spectrum. Remote working isn\u2019t for everyone, but most people, with enough effort, can make it work \u2014 or even thrive. Here\u2019s what I\u2019ve learned in over five years of working remotely.\nExperiment with your environment\nAs a remote worker, you have almost unprecedented control of your environment. You can often control the specific desk and chair you use, how you accessorize your home office space \u2014 whether that\u2019s a dedicated office, a corner of your bedroom, or your kitchen table. (Ideally, not your couch\u2026 but I\u2019ve been there.) Hate fluorescent lights? Change your lightbulbs. Cover your work area in potted plants. Put up blackout curtains and work in the dark like a vampire. Whatever makes you feel most comfortable and productive, and doesn\u2019t completely destroy your eyesight.\nWorking remotely doesn\u2019t always mean working from home. If you don\u2019t have a specific reason you need to work from home (like specialized equipment), try working from other environments (which is especially helpful it you have roommates, or children). Cafes are the quintessential remote worker hotspot, but don\u2019t just limit yourself to your favorite local haunt. More cities worldwide are embracing co-working spaces, where you can rent either a roaming spot or a dedicated desk. If you\u2019re a social person, this is a great way to build community in your work environment. Most have phone rooms, so you can still take calls.\nCo-working spaces can be expensive, and not everyone has either the extra income, or work-provided stipend, to work from one. Local libraries are also a great work location. They\u2019re quiet, usually have free wi-fi, and you have the added bonus of being able to check out books after work instead of, ahem, spending too much money on Kindle books. (I know most libraries let you check out ebooks, but reader, I am impulsive and impatient person. When I want a book now, I mean now.) \nJust be polite \u2014 make sure your headphones don\u2019t leak, and don\u2019t work from a library if you have a day full of calls.\nRemember, too, that you don\u2019t have to stay in the same spot all day. It\u2019s okay to go out for lunch and then resume work from a different location. If you find yourself getting restless, take a walk. Wash some dishes while you mull through a problem. Don\u2019t force yourself to sit at your desk for eight hours if that doesn\u2019t work for you.\nSet boundaries\nIf you\u2019re a workaholic, working remotely can be a challenge. It\u2019s incredibly easy to just\u2026 work. All the time. My work computer is almost always with me. If I remember at 11pm that I wanted to do something, there\u2019s nothing but my own willpower keeping me from opening up my laptop and working until 2am. Some people are naturally disciplined. Some have discipline instilled in them as children. And then some, like me, are undisciplined disasters that realize as adults that wow, I guess it\u2019s time to figure this out, eh?\nLearning how to set boundaries is one of the most important lessons I\u2019ve learned working remotely. (And honestly, it\u2019s something I still struggle with). \nFor a long time, I had a bad habit of waking up, checking my phone for new Slack messages, seeing something I need to react to, and then rolling over to my couch with my computer. Suddenly, it\u2019s noon, I\u2019m unwashed, unfed, starting to get a headache, and wondering why suddenly I hate all of my coworkers. Even when I finally tear myself from my computer to shower, get dressed, and eat, the damage is done. The rest of my day is pretty much shot.\nI recently had a conversation with a coworker, in which she remarked that she used to fill her empty time with work. Wake up? Scroll through Slack and email before getting out of bed. Waiting in line for lunch? Check work. Hanging out on her couch in the evening? You get the drift. She was only able to break the habit after taking a three month sabbatical, where she had no contact with work the entire time.\nI too had just returned from my own sabbatical. I took her advice, and no longer have work Slack on my phone, unless I need it for an event. After the event, I delete it. I also find it too easy to fill empty time with work. Now, I might wake up and procrastinate by scrolling through other apps, but I can\u2019t get sucked into work before I\u2019m even dressed. I\u2019ve gotten pretty good at forbidding myself from working until I\u2019m ready, but building any new habit requires intentionality. \nSomething else I experimented with for a while was creating a separate account on my computer for social tasks, so if I wanted to hang out on my computer in the evening, I wouldn\u2019t get distracted by work. It worked exceptionally well. The only problems I encountered were technical, like app licensing and some of my work proxy configurations. I\u2019ve heard other coworkers have figured out ways to work through these technical issues, so I\u2019m hoping to give it another try soon.\nYou might noticed that a lot of these ideas are just hacks for making myself not work outside of my designated work times. It\u2019s true! If you\u2019re a more disciplined person, you might not need any of these coping mechanisms. If you\u2019re struggling, finding ways to subvert your own bad habits can be the difference between thriving or burning out.\nCreate intentional transition time\nI know it\u2019s a stereotype that people who work from home stay in their pajamas all day, but\u2026 sometimes, it\u2019s very easy to do. I\u2019ve found that in order to reach peak focus, I need to create intentional transition time. \nThe most obvious step is changing into different clothing than I woke up in. Ideally, this means getting dressed in real human clothing. I might decide that it\u2019s cold and gross out and I want to work in joggers and a hoody all day, but first, I need to change out of my pajamas, put on a bra, and then succumb to the lure of comfort. \nI\u2019ve found it helpful to take similar steps at the end of my day. If I\u2019ve spent the day working from home, I try to end my day with something that occupies my body, while letting my mind unwind. Often, this is doing some light cleaning or dinner prep. If I try to go straight into another mentally heavy task without allowing myself this transition time, I find it hard to context switch. \nThis is another reason working from outside your home is advantageous. Commutes, even if it\u2019s a ten minute walk down the road, are great transition time. Lunch is a great transition time. You can decompress between tasks by going out for lunch, or cooking and eating lunch in your kitchen \u2014 not next to your computer. \nEmbrace async\nIf you\u2019re used to working in an office, you\u2019ve probably gotten pretty used to being able to pop over to a colleague\u2019s desk if you need to ask a question. They\u2019re pretty much forced to engage with you at that point. When you\u2019re working remotely, your coworkers might not be in the same timezone as you. They might take an hour to finish up a task before responding to you, or you might not get an answer for your entire day because dangit Gary\u2019s in Australia and it\u2019s 3am there right now. \nFor many remote workers, that\u2019s part of the package. When you\u2019re not co-located, you have to build up some patience and tolerance around waiting. You need to intentionally plan extra time into your schedule for waiting on answers.\nAsynchronous communication is great. Not everyone can be present for every meeting or office conversation \u2014 and the same goes for working remotely. However, when you\u2019re remote, you can read through your intranet messages later or scroll back a couple hours in Slack. My company has a bunch of internal blogs (\u201cp2s\u201d) where we record major decisions and hold asynchronous conversations. I feel like even if I missed a meeting, or something big happened while I was asleep, I can catch up later. We have a phrase \u2014 \u201cp2 or it didn\u2019t happen.\u201d\nWorking remotely has made me a better communicator largely because I\u2019ve gotten into the habit of making written updates. I\u2019ve also trained myself to wait before responding, which allows me to distance myself from what could potentially be an emotional reaction. (On the internet, no one can see you making that face.) Having the added space that comes from not being in the same physical location with somebody else creates an opportunity to rein myself in and take the time to craft an appropriate response, without having the pressure of needing to reply right meow. Lean into it!\n(That said, if you\u2019re stuck, sometimes the best course of action is to hop on a video call with someone and hash out the details. Use the tools most appropriate for the problem. They invented Zoom for a reason.)\nSeek out social opportunities\nEven introverts can feel lonely or isolated. When you work remotely, there isn\u2019t a built-in community you\u2019re surrounded by every day. You have to intentionally seek out social opportunities that an office would normally provide.\nI have a couple private Slack channels where I can joke around with work friends. Having that kind of safe space to socialize helps me feel less alone. (And, if the channels get too noisy, I can mute them for a couple hours.)\nEvery now and then, I\u2019ll also hop on a video call with some work friends and just hang out for a little while. It feels great to actually see someone laugh.\nIf you work from a co-working space, that space likely has events. My co-working space hosts social hours, holiday parties, and sometimes even lunch-and-learns. These events are great opportunities for making new friends and forging professional connections outside of work. \nIf you don\u2019t have access to a co-working space, your town or city likely has meetups. Create a Meetup.com account and search for something that piques your interest. If you\u2019ve been stuck inside your house for days, heads-down on a hard deadline, celebrate by getting out of the house. Get coffee or drinks with friends. See a show. Go to a religious service. Take a cooking class. Try yoga. Find excuses to be around someone other than your cats. When you can\u2019t fall back on your work to provide community, you need to build your own.\n\nThese are tips that I\u2019ve found help me, but not everyone works the same way. Remember that it\u2019s okay to experiment \u2014 just because you\u2019ve worked one way, doesn\u2019t mean that\u2019s the best way for you. Check in with yourself every now and then. Are you happy with your work environment? Are you feeling lonely, down, or exhausted? Try switching up your routine for a couple weeks and jot down how you feel at the end of each day. Look for patterns. You deserve to have a comfortable and productive work environment!\nHope to see you all online soon \ud83d\ude4c", "year": "2018", "author": "Mel Choyce", "author_slug": "melchoyce", "published": "2018-12-09T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2018/thriving-as-a-remote-worker/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 236, "title": "Extreme Design", "contents": "Recently, I set out with twelve other designers and developers for a 19th century fortress on the Channel Island of Alderney. We were going to /dev/fort, a sort of band camp for geeks. Our cohort\u2019s mission: to think up, build and finish something \u2013 without readily available internet access.\n\n Alderney runway, photo by Chris Govias\n\n\n\nWait, no internet?\n\nWell, pretty much. As the creators of /dev/fort James Aylett and Mark Norman Francis put it: \u201cImagine a place with no distractions \u2013 no IM, no Twitter\u201d. But also no way to quickly look up a design pattern, code sample or source material. Like packing for camping, /dev/fort means bringing everything you\u2019ll need on your back or your hard drive: from long johns to your favourite icon set.\n\nWe got to work the first night discussing ideas for what we wanted to build. By the time breakfast was cleared up the next morning, we\u2019d settled on Russ\u2019s idea to make the Apollo 13 (PDF) transcript accessible. Days two and three were spent collaboratively planning (KJ style) what features we wanted to build, and unravelling the larger UX challenges of the project. The next five days were spent building it. Within 36 hours of touchdown at Southampton Airport, we launched our creation: spacelog.org\n\nThe weather was cold, the coal fire less than ideal, food and supplies a hike away, and the process lightning-fast. A week of designing under extreme circumstances called for an extreme process. Some of this was driven by James\u2019s and Norm\u2019s experience running these things, but a lot of it materialised while we were there \u2013 especially for our three-strong design team (myself, Gavin O\u2019 Carroll and Chris Govias) who, though we knew each other, had never worked together as a group in this kind of scenario before.\n\nThe outcome was a pretty spectacular process, with a some key takeaways useful for any small group trying to build something quickly.\n\nWhat it\u2019s like inside the fort\n\n/dev/fort has the pressure and pace of a hack day without being a hack day \u2013 primarily, no workshops or interruptions\u201a but also a different mentality. While hack days are typically developer-driven with a \u2018hack first, design later (if at all)\u2019 attitude, James was quick to tell the team to hold off from writing any code until we had a plan. This put a healthy pressure on the design and product folks to slash through the UX problems before we started building.\n\nWhile the fort had definitely more of a hack day feel, all of us were familiar with Agile methods, so we borrowed a few useful techniques such as morning stand-ups and an emphasis on teamwork. We cut some really good features to make our launch date, and chunked the work based on user goals, iterating as we went.\n\nWhat made this design process work?\n\nA golden ratio of teams\n\nMy personal experience both professionally and in free-form situations like this, is a tendency to get/hire a designer. Leaders of businesses, founders of start-ups, organisers of events: one designer is not enough! Finding one ace-blooded designer who can \u2018do everything\u2019 will always result in bottleneck and burnout. Like the nuances between different development languages, design is a multifaceted discipline, and very few can claim to be equally strong in every aspect. Overlap in skill set will result in a stronger, more robust interface.\n\nMore importantly, however, having lots of designers to go around meant that we all had the opportunity to pair with developers, polishing the details that don\u2019t usually get polished. As soon as we launched, the public reception of the design and UX was overwhelmingly positive (proof!). But also, a lot of people asked us who the designer was, attributing it to one person.\n\nWhile it\u2019s important to note that everyone in our team was multitalented (and could easily shift between roles, helping us all stay unblocked), the golden ratio James and Norm devised was two product/developer folks, three interaction designers and eight developers.\n\n photo by Ben Firshman\n\nEquality inside the fortress walls\n\nSomething magical about the fort is how everyone leaves the outside world on the drawbridge. Job titles, professional status, Twitter followers, and so on. Like scout camp, a mutual respect and trust is expected of all the participants. Like extreme programming, extreme design requires us all to be equal partners in a collaborative team. I think this is especially worth noting for designers; our past is filled with the clear hierarchy of the traditional studio system which, however important for taste and style, seems less compatible with modern web/software development methods.\n\nBeing equal doesn\u2019t mean being the same, however. We established clear roles and teams for ourselves on the second day, deferring to that person when a decision needed to be made. As the interface coalesced, the designers and developers took ownership over certain parts to ensure the details got looked after, while staying open to ideas and revisions from the rest of the cohort.\n\nCreate a space where everyone who enters is equal, but be sure to establish clear roles. Even if it\u2019s just for a short while, the environment will be beneficial.\n\n photo by Ben Firshman\n\nHang your heraldry from the rafters\n\nForts and castles are full of lore: coats of arms; paintings of battles; suits of armour. It\u2019s impossible not to be surrounded by these stories, words and ways of thinking. Like the whiteboards on the walls, putting organisational lore in your physical surroundings makes it impossible not to see.\n\nRyan Alexander brought some of those static-cling whiteboard sheets which were quickly filled with use cases; IA; team roles; and, most importantly, a glossary. As soon as we started working on the project, we realised we needed to get clear on what certain words meant: what was a logline, a range, a phase, a key moment? Were the back-end people using these words in the same way design and product was? Quickly writing up a glossary of terms meant everyone was instantly speaking the same language. There was no \u201cAh, I misunderstood because in the data structure x means y\u201d or, even worse, accidental seepage of technical language into the user interface copy.\n\nPut a glossary of your internal terminology somewhere big and fat on the wall. Stand around it and argue until you agree on what it says. Leave it up; don\u2019t underestimate the power of ambient communication and physical reference.\n\nPlan more, download less\n\nWhile internet is forbidden inside the fort, we did go on downloading expeditions: NASA photography; code documentation; and so on. The project wouldn\u2019t have been possible without a few trips to the web. We had two lists on the wall: groceries and supplies; internets \u2013 \u201cloo roll; Tom Stafford photo\u201c.\n\nThis changed our usual design process, forcing us to plan carefully and think of what we needed ahead of time. Getting to the internet was a thirty-minute hike up a snow covered cliff to the town airport, so you really had to need it, too. \n\n The path to the internet\n\nFor the visual design, especially, this resulted in more focus up front, and communication between the designers on what assets we required. It made us make decisions earlier and stick with them, creating less distraction and churn later in the process. \n\nTry it at home: unplug once you\u2019ve got the things you need. As an artist, it\u2019s easier to let your inner voice shine through if you\u2019re not looking at other people\u2019s work while creating.\n\nSocial design\n\nFinally, our design team experimented with a collaborative approach to wireframing. Once we had collectively nailed down use cases, IA, user journeys and other critical artefacts, we tried a pairing approach. One person drew in Illustrator in real time as the other two articulated what to draw. (This would work equally well with two people, but with three it meant that one of us could jump up and consult the lore on the walls or clarify a technical detail.) The result: we ended up considering more alternatives and quickly rallying around one solution, and resolved difficult problems more quickly.\n\nAt a certain stage we discovered it was more efficient for one person to take over \u2013 this happened around the time when the basic wireframes existed in Illustrator and we\u2019d collectively run through the use cases, making sure that everything was accounted for in a broad sense. At this point, take a break, go have a beer, and give yourself a pat on the back.\n\nPut the files somewhere accessible so everyone can use them as their base, and divide up the more detailed UI problems, screens or journeys. At this level of detail it\u2019s better to have your personal headspace.\n\nGavin called this \u2018social design\u2019. Chatting and drawing in real time turned what was normally a rather solitary act into a very social process, with some really promising results. I\u2019d tried something like this before with product or developer folks, and it can work \u2013 but there\u2019s something really beautiful about switching places and everyone involved being equally quick at drawing. That\u2019s not something you get with non-designers, and frequent swapping of the \u2018driver\u2019 and \u2018observer\u2019 roles is a key aspect to pairing.\n\nTackle the forest collectively and the trees individually \u2013 it will make your framework more robust and your details more polished. Win/win. \n\nThe return home\n\nGrateful to see a 3G signal on our phones again, our flight off the island was delayed, allowing for a flurry of domain name look-ups, Twitter catch-up, and e-mails to loved ones. A week in an isolated fort really made me appreciate continuous connectivity, but also just how unique some of these processes might be. \n\nYou just never know what crazy place you might be designing from next.", "year": "2010", "author": "Hannah Donovan", "author_slug": "hannahdonovan", "published": "2010-12-09T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/extreme-design/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 47, "title": "Developing Robust Deployment Procedures", "contents": "Once you have developed your site, how do you make it live on your web hosting? For many years the answer was to log on to your server and upload the files via FTP. Over time most hosts and FTP clients began to support SFTP, ensuring your files were transmitted over a secure connection. The process of deploying a site however remained the same.\n\nThere are issues with deploying a site in this way. You are essentially transferring files one by one to the server without any real management of that transfer. If the transfer fails for some reason, you may end up with a site that is only half updated. It can then be really difficult to work out what hasn\u2019t been replaced or added, especially where you are updating an existing site. If you are updating some third-party software your update may include files that should be removed, but that may not be obvious to you and you risk leaving outdated files littering your file system. Updating using (S)FTP is a fragile process that leaves you open to problems caused by both connectivity and human error. Is there a better way to do this?\n\nYou\u2019ll be glad to know that there is. A modern professional deployment workflow should have you moving away from fragile manual file transfers to deployments linked to code committed into source control.\n\nThe benefits of good practice\n\nYou may never have experienced any major issues while uploading files over FTP, and good FTP clients can help. However, there are other benefits to moving to modern deployment practices.\n\nNo surprises when you launch\n\nIf you are deploying in the way I suggest in this article you should have no surprises when you launch because the code you committed from your local environment should be the same code you deploy \u2013 and to staging if you have a staging server. A missing vital file won\u2019t cause things to start throwing errors on updating the live site.\n\nBeing able to work collaboratively\n\nSource control and good deployment practice makes working with your clients and other developers easy. Deploying first to a staging server means you can show your client updates and then push them live. If you subcontract some part of the work, you can give your subcontractor the ability to deploy to staging, leaving you with the final push to launch, once you know you are happy with the work.\n\nHaving a proper backup of site files with access to them from anywhere\n\nThe process I will outline requires the use of hosted, external source control. This gives you a backup of your latest commit and the ability to clone those files and start working on them from any machine, wherever you are.\n\nBeing able to jump back into a site quickly when the client wants a few changes\n\nWhen doing client work it is common for some work to be handed over, then several months might go by without you needing to update the site. If you don\u2019t have a good process in place, just getting back to work on it may take several hours for what could be only a few hours of work in itself. A solid method for getting your local copy up to date and deploying your changes live can cut that set-up time down to a few minutes.\n\nThe tool chain\n\nIn the rest of this article I assume that your current practice is to deploy your files over (S)FTP, using an FTP client. You would like to move to a more robust method of deployment, but without blowing apart your workflow and spending all Christmas trying to put it back together again. Therefore I\u2019m selecting the most straightforward tools to get you from A to B.\n\nSource control\n\nPerhaps you already use some kind of source control for your sites. Today that is likely to be Git but you might also use Subversion or Mercurial. If you are not using any source control at all then I would suggest you choose Git, and that is what I will be working with in this article.\n\nWhen you work with Git, you always have a local repository. This is where your changes are committed. You also have the option to push those changes to a remote repository; for example, GitHub. You may well have come across GitHub as somewhere you can go to download open source code. However, you can also set up private repositories for sites whose code you don\u2019t want to make publicly accessible.\n\nA hosted Git repository gives you somewhere to push your commits to and deploy from, so it\u2019s a crucial part of our tool chain.\n\nA deployment service\n\nOnce you have your files pushed to a remote repository, you then need a way to deploy them to your staging environment and live server. This is the job of a deployment service.\n\nThis service will connect securely to your hosting, and either automatically (or on the click of a button) transfer files from your Git commit to the hosting server. If files need removing, the service should also do this too, so you can be absolutely sure that your various environments are the same.\n\nTools to choose from\n\nWhat follows are not exhaustive lists, but any of these should allow you to deploy your sites without FTP.\n\nHosted Git repositories\n\n\n\tGitHub\n\tBeanstalk\n\tBitbucket\n\n\nStandalone deployment tools\n\n\n\tDeploy\n\tdploy.io\n\tFTPloy\n\n\nI\u2019ve listed Beanstalk as a hosted Git repository, though it also includes a bundled deployment tool. Dploy.io is a standalone version of that tool just for deployment. In this tutorial I have chosen two separate services to show how everything fits together, and because you may already be using source control. If you are setting up all of this for the first time then using Beanstalk saves having two accounts \u2013 and I can personally recommend them.\n\nPutting it all together\n\nThe steps we are going to work through are:\n\n\n\tGetting your local site into a local Git repository\n\tPushing the files to a hosted repository\n\tConnecting a deployment tool to your web hosting\n\tSetting up a deployment\n\n\nGet your local site into a local Git repository\n\nDownload and install Git for your operating system.\n\nOpen up a Terminal window and tell Git your name using the following command (use the name you will set up on your hosted repository).\n\n> git config --global user.name \"YOUR NAME\"\n\n\nUse the next command to give Git your email address. This should be the address that you will use to sign up for your remote repository.\n\n> git config --global user.email \"YOUR EMAIL ADDRESS\"\n\n\nStaying in the command line, change to the directory where you keep your site files. If your files are in /Users/rachel/Sites/mynicewebite you would type:\n\n> cd /Users/rachel/Sites/mynicewebsite\n\n\nThe next command tells Git that we want to create a new Git repository here.\n\n> git init\n\n\nWe then add our files:\n\n> git add .\n\n\nThen commit the files:\n\n> git commit -m \u201cAdding initial files\u201d\n\n\nThe bit in quotes after -m is a message describing what you are doing with this commit. It\u2019s important to add something useful here to remind yourself later why you made the changes included in the commit.\n\nYour local files are now in a Git repository! However, everything should be just the same as before in terms of working on the files or viewing them in a local web server. The only difference is that you can add and commit changes to this local repository.\n\nWant to know more about Git? There are some excellent resources in a range of formats here.\n\nSetting up a hosted Git repository\n\nI\u2019m going to use Atlassian Bitbucket for my first example as they offer a free hosted and private repository.\n\nCreate an account on Bitbucket. Then create a new empty repository and give it a name that will identify the repository easily.\n\nClick Getting Started and under Command Line select \u201cI have an existing project\u201d. This will give you a set of instructions to run on the command line. The first instruction is just to change into your working directory as we did before. We then add a remote repository, and run two commands to push everything up to Bitbucket.\n\ncd /path/to/my/repo\ngit remote add origin https://myuser@bitbucket.org/myname/24ways-tutorial.git\ngit push -u origin --all \ngit push -u origin --tags \n\n\nWhen you run the push command you will be asked for the password that you set for Bitbucket. Having entered that, you should be able to view the files of your site on Bitbucket by selecting the navigation option Source in the sidebar.\n\nYou will also be able to see commits. When we initially committed our files locally we added the message \u201cAdding initial files\u201d. If you select Commits from the sidebar you\u2019ll see we have one commit, with the message we set locally. You can imagine how useful this becomes when you can look back and see why you made certain changes to a project that perhaps you haven\u2019t worked on for six months.\n\nBefore working on your site locally you should run:\n\n> git pull\n\n\nin your working directory to make sure you have all of the most up-to-date files. This is especially important if someone else might work on them, or you just use multiple machines.\n\nYou then make your changes and add any changed or modified files, for example:\n\n> git add index.php\n\n\nCommit the change locally:\n\n> git commit -m \u201cupdated the homepage\u201d\n\n\nThen push it to Bitbucket:\n\n> git push origin master\n\n\nIf you want to work on your files on a different computer you clone them using the following command:\n\n> git clone https://myuser@bitbucket.org/myname/24ways-tutorial.git\n\n\nYou then have a copy of your files that is already a Git repository with the Bitbucket repository set up as a remote, so you are all ready to start work.\n\nConnecting a deployment tool to your repository and web hosting\n\nThe next step is deploying files. I have chosen to use a deployment tool called Deploy as it has support for Bitbucket. It does have a monthly charge \u2013 but offers a free account for open source projects.\n\nSign up for your account then log in and create your first project. Select Create an empty project. Under Configure Repository Details choose Bitbucket and enter your username and password.\n\nIf Deploy can connect, it will show you your list of projects. Select the one you want.\n\nThe next screen is Add New Server and here you need to configure the server that you want to deploy to. You might set up more than one server per project. In an ideal world you would deploy to a staging server for your client preview changes and then deploy once everything is signed off. For now I\u2019ll assume you just want to set up your live site.\n\nGive the server a name; I usually use Production for the live web server. Then choose the protocol to connect with. Unless your host really does not support SFTP (which is pretty rare) I would choose that instead of FTP.\n\nYou now add the same details your host gave you to log in with your SFTP client, including the username and password. The Path on server should be where your files are on the server. When you log in with an SFTP client and you get put in the directory above public_html then you should just be able to add public_html here.\n\nOnce your server is configured you can deploy. Click Deploy now and choose the server you just set up. Then choose the last commit (which will probably be selected for you) and click Preview deployment. You will then get a preview of which files will change if you run the deployment: the files that will be added and any that will be removed. At the very top of that screen you should see the commit message you entered right back when you initially committed your files locally.\n\nIf all looks good, run the deployment.\n\nYou have taken the first steps to a more consistent and robust way of deploying your websites. It might seem like quite a few steps at first, but you will very soon come to realise how much easier deploying a live site is through this process.\n\nYour new procedure step by step\n\n\n\tEdit your files locally as before, testing them through a web server on your own computer.\n\tCommit your changes to your local Git repository.\n\tPush changes to the remote repository.\n\tLog into the deployment service.\n\tHit the Deploy now button.\n\tPreview the changes.\n\tRun the deployment and then check your live site.\n\n\nTaking it further\n\nI have tried to keep things simple in this article because so often, once you start to improve processes, it is easy to get bogged down in all the possible complexities. If you move from deploying with an FTP client to working in the way I have outlined above, you\u2019ve taken a great step forward in creating more robust processes. You can continue to improve your procedures from this point.\n\nStaging servers for client preview\n\nWhen we added our server we could have added an additional server to use as a staging server for clients to preview their site on. This is a great use of a cheap VPS server, for example. You can set each client up with a subdomain \u2013 clientname.yourcompany.com \u2013 and this becomes the place where they can view changes before you deploy them.\n\nIn that case you might deploy to the staging server, let the client check it out and then go back and deploy the same commit to the live server.\n\nUsing Git branches\n\nAs you become more familiar with using Git, and especially if you start working with other people, you might need to start developing using branches. You can then have a staging branch that deploys to staging and a production branch that is always a snapshot of what has been pushed to production. This guide from Beanstalk explains how this works.\n\nAutomatic deployment to staging\n\nI wouldn\u2019t suggest doing automatic deployment to the live site. It\u2019s worth having someone on hand hitting the button and checking that everything worked nicely. If you have configured a staging server, however, you can set it up to deploy the changes each time a commit is pushed to it.\n\nIf you use Bitbucket and Deploy you would create a deployment hook on Bitbucket to post to a URL on Deploy when a push happens to deploy the code. This can save you a few steps when you are just testing out changes. Even if you have made lots of changes to the staging deployment, the commit that you push live will include them all, so you can do that manually once you are happy with how things look in staging.\n\nFurther Reading\n\n\n\tThe tutorials from Git Client Tower, already mentioned in this article, are a great place to start if you are new to Git.\n\tA presentation from Liam Dempsey showing how to use the GitHub App to connect to Bitbucket\n\tTry Git from Code School\n\tThe Git Workbook a self study guide to Git from Lorna Mitchell\n\n\nGet set up for the new year\n\nI love to start the New Year with a clean slate and improved processes. If you are still wrangling files with FTP then this is one thing you could tick off your list to save you time and energy in 2015. Post to the comments if you have suggestions of tools or ideas for ways to enhance this type of set-up for those who have already taken the first steps.", "year": "2014", "author": "Rachel Andrew", "author_slug": "rachelandrew", "published": "2014-12-04T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/developing-robust-deployment-procedures/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 286, "title": "Defending the Perimeter Against Web Widgets", "contents": "On July 14, 1789, citizens of Paris stormed the Bastille, igniting a revolution that toppled the French monarchy. On July 14 of this year, there was a less dramatic (though more tweeted) takedown: The Deck network, which delivers advertising to some of the most popular web design and culture destinations, was down for about thirty minutes. During this period, most partner sites running ads from The Deck could not be viewed as result.\n\nA few partners were unaffected (aside from not having an ad to display). Fortunately, Dribbble, was one of them. In this article, I\u2019ll discuss outages like this and how to defend against them. But first, a few qualifiers: The Deck has been rock solid \u2013 this is the only downtime we\u2019ve witnessed since joining in June. More importantly, the issues in play are applicable to any web widget you might add to your site to display third-party content.\n\nDown and out\n\nYour defense is only as good as its weakest link. Web pages are filled with links, some of which threaten the ability of your page to load quickly and correctly. If you want your site to work when external resources fail, you need to identify the weak links on your site. In this article, we\u2019ll talk about web widgets as a point of failure and defensive JavaScript techniques for handling them.\n\nWidgets 101\n\nImagine a widget that prints out a Pun of the Day on your site. A simple technique for both widget provider and consumer is for the provider to expose a URL:\n\nhttp://widgetjonesdiary.com/punoftheday.js\n\nwhich returns a JavaScript file like this:\n\ndocument.write(\"<h2>The Pun of the Day</h2><p>Where do frogs go for beers after work? Hoppy hour!</p>\");\n\nThe call to document.write() injects the string passed into the document where it is called. So to display the widget on your page, simply add an external script tag where you want it to appear:\n\n<div class=\"punoftheday\">\n  <script src=\"http://widgetjonesdiary.com/punoftheday.js\"></script>\n  <!-- Content appears here as output of script above -->\n</div>\n\nThis approach is incredibly easy for both provider and consumer. But there are implications\u2026\n\ndocument.write()\u2026 or wrong?\n\nAs in the example above, scripts may perform a document.write() to inject HTML. Page rendering halts while a script is processed so any output can be inlined into the document. Therefore, page rendering speed depends on how fast the script returns the data. If an external JavaScript widget hangs, so does the page content that follows. It was this scenario that briefly stalled partner sites of The Deck last summer.\n\nThe elegant solution\n\nTo make our web widget more robust, calls to document.write() should be avoided. This can be achieved with a technique called JSONP (AKA JSON with padding). In our example, instead of writing inline with document.write(), a JSONP script passes content to a callback function:\n\npublishPun(\"<h2>Pun of the Day</h2><p>Where do frogs go for beers after work? Hoppy hour!</p>\");\n\nThen, it\u2019s up to the widget consumer to implement a callback function responsible for displaying the content. Here\u2019s a simple example where our callback uses jQuery to write the content into a target <div>:\n\n<!-- Where widget content should appear -->\n<div class=\"punoftheday\"></div>\n\n\u2026\n\n\n<br />\nfunction publishPun(content) {\n  $(&#8216;.punoftheday&#8217;).html(content); // Writes content display location<br />\n}<br />\n\n\n\n\nView Example 1\n\nEven if the widget content appears at the top of the page, our script can be included at the bottom so it\u2019s non-blocking: a slow response leaves page rendering unaffected. It simply invokes the callback which, in turn, writes the widget content to its display destination.\n\nThe hack\n\nBut what to do if your provider doesn\u2019t support JSONP? This was our case with The Deck. Returning to our example, I\u2019m reminded of computer scientist David Wheeler\u2019s statement, \u201cAll problems in computer science can be solved by another level of indirection\u2026 Except for the problem of too many layers of indirection.\u201d\n\nIn our case, the indirection is to move the widget content into position after writing it to the page. This allows us to place the widget <script> tag at the bottom of the page so rendering won\u2019t be blocked, but still display the widget in the target. The strategy:\n\n\n\tLoad widget content into a hidden <div> at the bottom of the page.\n\tMove the loaded content from the hidden <div> to its display location.\n\n\nand the code:\n\n<!-- Where widget content should appear -->\n<div class=\"punoftheday\"></div>\n\n\u2026\n\n\n\n  \n  \n\n\n\n<br />\n$(&#8216;.punoftheday&#8217;).append($(&#8216;.loading-dock&#8217;).children(&#8216;:gt(0)&#8217;));<br />\n\nView Example 2\n\nAfter the external punoftheday.js script has processed, the rendered HTML will look as follows:\n\n<div class=\"loading-dock hidden\">\n  <script src=\"http://widgetjonesdiary.com/punoftheday.js\"></script>\n  <h2>Pun of the Day</h2>\n  <p>Where do frogs go for beers after work? Hoppy hour!</p>\n</div>\n\nThe \u2018loading-dock\u2019 <div> now includes the widget content, albeit hidden from view (if we\u2019ve styled the \u2018hidden\u2019 class with display: none). There\u2019s just one more step: move the content to its display destination. This line of jQuery (from above) does the trick:\n\n$('.punoftheday').append($('.loading-dock').children(':gt(0)'));\n\nThis selects all child elements in the \u2018loading-doc\u2019 <div> except the first \u2013 the widget <script> tag which generated it \u2013 and moves it to the display destination. Worth noting is the :gt(0) jQuery selector extension, which allows us to exclude the first (in a 0-based array) child element \u2013 the widget <script> tag \u2013 from selection.\n\nSince all of this happens at the bottom of the page, just before the </body> tag, no rendering has to wait on the external widget script. The only thing that fails if our widget hangs is\u2026 the widget itself. Our weakest link has been strengthened and so has our site. DE-FENSE!", "year": "2011", "author": "Rich Thornett", "author_slug": "richthornett", "published": "2011-12-06T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2011/defending-the-perimeter-against-web-widgets/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 5, "title": "Managing a Mind", "contents": "On 21 May 2013, I woke in a hospital bed feeling exhausted, disorientated and ashamed. The day before, I had tried to kill myself.\n\nIt\u2019s very hard to write about this and share it. It feels like I\u2019m opening up the deepest recesses of my soul and laying everything bare, but I think it\u2019s important we share this as a community. Since starting tentatively to write about my experience, I\u2019ve had many conversations about this: sharing with others; others sharing with me. I\u2019ve been surprised to discover how many people are suffering similarly, thinking that they\u2019re alone. They\u2019re not.\n\nDue to an insane schedule of teaching, writing, speaking, designing and just generally trying to keep up, I reached a point where my buffers completely overflowed. I was working so hard on so many things that I was struggling to maintain control. I was living life on fast-forward and my grasp on everything was slowly slipping.\n\nOn that day, I reached a low point \u2013 the lowest point of my life \u2013 and in that moment I could see only one way out. I surrendered. I can\u2019t really describe that moment. I\u2019m still grappling with it. All I know is that I couldn\u2019t take it any more and I gave up.\n\nI very nearly died.\n\nI\u2019m very fortunate to have survived. I was admitted to hospital, taken there unconscious in an ambulance. On waking, I felt overwhelmed with shame and overcome with remorse, but I was resolved to grasp the situation and address it. The experience has forced me to confront a great deal of issues in my life; it has also encouraged me to seek a deeper understanding of my situation and, in particular, the mechanics of the mind.\n\nThe relentless pace of change\n\nWe work in a fast-paced industry: few others, if any, confront the daily challenges we face. The landscape we work within is characterised by constant flux. It\u2019s changing and evolving at a rate we have never experienced before. Few industries reinvent themselves yearly, monthly, weekly\u2026 Ours is one of these industries. Technology accelerates at an alarming rate and keeping abreast of this change is challenging, to say the least.\n\nAs designers it can be difficult to maintain a knowledge bank that is relevant and fit for purpose. We\u2019re on a constant rollercoaster of endless learning, trying to maintain the pace as, daily, new ideas and innovations emerge \u2014 in some cases fundamentally changing our medium.\n\nUnder the pressure of client work or product design and development, it can be difficult to find the time to focus on learning the new skills we need to remain relevant and functionally competent. The result, all too often, is that the edges of our days have eroded. We no longer work nine to five; instead we work eight to six, and after the working day is over we regroup to spend our evenings learning. It\u2019s an unsustainable situation.\n\nFrom the workshop to the web\n\nAdded to this pressure to keep up, our work is now undertaken under a global gaze, conducted under an ever-present spotlight. Tools like Dribbble, Twitter and others, while incredibly powerful, have an unfortunate side effect, that of unfolding your ideas in public. This shift, from workshop to web, brings with it additional pressure.\n\nIn the past, the early stages of creativity took place within the relative safety of the workshop, an environment where one could take risks and gather feedback from a trusted few. We had space to make and space to break. No more. Our industry\u2019s focus (and society\u2019s focus) on sharing, leads us now to play out our decisions in public. This shift has changed us culturally, slowly but surely easing every aspect of our process \u2013 and lives \u2013 from private to public. This is at once liberating and debilitating.\n\nIf you\u2019re not careful, an addiction to followers, likes, retweets, page views and other forms of measurement can overwhelm you. When you release your work into the wild and all it\u2019s greeted with is silence, it can cripple you.\n\nReflecting on this, in an insightful article titled Derailed, Rogie King asks, \u201cCan social popularity take us off the course of growth and where we were intended to go?\u201d He makes a powerful point, that perhaps we might focus on what really matters, setting aside statistics. He concludes that to grow as practitioners we might be best served by seeking out critique through other avenues, away from the social spotlight.\n\nOn status anxiety and impostor syndrome\n\nFollowing my experience I embarked on a period of self-reflection. I wanted to discover what had driven me to take the course of action I had. I wanted to ensure it never happened again. I wanted to understand how the mind works and, in so doing, learn a little more about myself.\n\nI\u2019ve only begun this journey, but two things I discovered resonated with me: the twin pressures of status anxiety and impostor syndrome.\n\nIn his excellent book Status Anxiety, the philosopher Alain de Botton explores a growing concern with status anxiety, a worry about how others perceive us and how this shapes our relationship with the world. He states:\n\n\n\tWe all worry about what others think of us. We all long to succeed and fear failure. We all suffer \u2013 to a greater or lesser degree, usually privately and with embarrassment \u2013 from status anxiety. [\u2026] This is an almost universal anxiety that rarely gets mentioned directly: an anxiety about what others think of us; about whether we\u2019re judged a success or a failure, a winner or a loser.\n\n\nWe see these pressures played out and amplified in the social sphere we all inhabit. We are social animals and we cannot help but react to the landscape we live and work within. Even if your work receives the public praise you so secretly desire, you find yourself questioning this praise.\n\nA psychological phenomenon in which sufferers are unable to internalise their accomplishments, impostor syndrome is far more widespread than you\u2019d imagine. The author Leigh Buchanan describes it as \u201cA fear that one is not as smart or capable as others think.\u201d As she puts it, \u201cPeople who feel like frauds chalk up their accomplishments to external factors such as luck and timing, or worry they are coasting on charm and personality rather than on talent.\u201d\n\nAt the bottom, this was all I could see. I felt overwhelmed by others\u2019 perception of me. Was I a success or a failure? Would I be discovered as the fraud I\u2019d convinced myself that I was? These twin pressures \u2013 that I was unconscious of at the time \u2013 had lead me to a place of crippling self-doubt, questioning my very existence.\n\nThe act of discovery, of investigating how the mind functions, led me to a deeper understanding of myself. Developing an awareness of psychology and learning about conditions like status anxiety and impostor syndrome helped me to understand and recognise how my mind worked, enabling me to manage it more effectively.\n\n\n\nMake it count\n\nReflecting upon my experience, I began to regroup, to focus on what really mattered. I\u2019d taken on too much \u2014 as I believe many of us do. I was guilty of wanting to do all the things. I started to introduce pauses. Before blindly saying yes to everything, I forced myself to pause and ask: \u201cIs this important?\u201d\n\nOur community offers us huge benefits, but an always-on culture in which we\u2019re bombarded daily by opportunity places temptation in our paths. It\u2019s easy to get sucked in to a vortex of wanting to be a part of everything. It\u2019s important, however, to focus. As Simon Collison puts it:\n\n\n\tI cull and surrender topics. Then I focus on my strengths, mastering my core skills.\n\n\nWe only have so much time and we can only do so much. It\u2019s impossible, indeed futile, to try to do everything. Sometimes we need to step back a little and just enjoy life, enjoy others\u2019 achievements, without feeling the need to be actively involved ourselves.\n\nAs Mahatma Ghandi put it:\n\nA \u2018no\u2019 uttered from deepest conviction is better and greater than a \u2018yes\u2019 merely uttered to please, or what is worse, to avoid trouble.\nYoung India, volume 9, 1927\n\n\nWe need to learn to say no a little more often. We need to focus on the work that matters. This, coupled with an understanding of the mind and how it works, can help us achieve a happier balance between work and life.\n\nDon\u2019t waste your time. You only have one life. Make it count.", "year": "2013", "author": "Christopher Murphy", "author_slug": "christophermurphy", "published": "2013-12-21T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2013/managing-a-mind/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 25, "title": "The Introvert Owner\u2019s Manual", "contents": "Nobody realizes that some people expend tremendous energy merely to be normal.\nAlbert Camus\n\n\n\u201cWhatever you plan, just make sure there are lots of people there,\u201d said my husband in the run-up to his birthday last year. A few months later, before my own birthday, I uttered, \u201cWhatever you plan, just make sure it is only me and you.\u201d\n\nI am an introvert. It is very likely some of you are too, or that you live, work or fraternise with one. Despite there being quite a few of us out there \u2013 some say as many as one third of the population, others as little as ten per cent \u2013 I think our professional and social lives are biased towards a definition of normality that is more accepting of the extrovert. I hope that by reading this article you will gain some insight to what goes on inside the head of the introvert(s) that you know and understand how to relate to them in a way that respects their disposition.\n\nBefore we go any further, I should define what exactly being an introvert means, and, equally important, what it does not. Only once this is established will you be able to handle your introvert correctly.\n\nWhat defines an introvert\n\nThe simplest and most accurate way of describing an introvert is that she uses up energy in social situations and needs to be in solitude to recharge.\n\nTo explain what I mean, let us take the example of the The Sims: when you create a Sim, you can choose (among other characteristics) whether it will be outgoing or not. If the Sim is outgoing, when you play the game you need to make sure it interacts as much as possible with other Sims or its mood indicator (the plumbob) will become red and that is a bad thing. Conversely, if your Sim is not outgoing, when you put it in too many social situations its plumbob will become red too.\n\nSo your (real life) introvert might think you are great (you might even be her best friend, her spouse or her child), but if her plumbob is red, or nearly, she might just need a little time and space to recharge before she is ready to interact.\n\nThis is not the same thing as being shy or in a bad mood all the time. We are not necessarily awkward in social situations, but, if we have not had the time to recharge, being social might be almost impossible. This explains why your introvert will likely ask who will be at the gathering you have planned, for how long she will have to stay there, and what she will be doing before and after the event. It is the equivalent of you wanting to know if there will be power sockets in the restaurant to charge your iPhone \u2013 asking this does not mean you don\u2019t want to attend.\n\nThe explanation above might be a simplistic way of looking at things, but I would say it is one that introverts can relate to; call it a minimalist approach to socialisation.\n\nCaring for your introvert\n\nArticles and conversations about introversion usually focus on how to fix the condition and how to make introverts more outgoing: a clear example of our society\u2019s bias towards the normality of extroversion. Avoid this. You will not be able to convert your introvert into an extrovert. Believe it or not, there is nothing wrong with her.\n\nIn her 2012 TED talk, \u201cThe power of introverts\u201d, Susan Cain pointed to the fact that places like school and work are designed for extroverts: students and workers are required to constantly work in groups and speaking up is highly valued. Both types are evaluated against the same criteria and more often than not people are expected to excel at being outspoken to be considered well rounded.\n\nObviously, this is not the right way to appraise your introvert. Comparing your introvert with an extrovert using the same parameters and simply asking her to behave more like an extrovert is a mistake and something that will only perpetuate an introvert\u2019s idea that the problem lies with her.\n\nSpeaking up\n\nYour introvert is likely to have strong opinions and ideas, and to have been listening to other people speak at meetings and workshops. Help her voice those thoughts by creating an environment where everyone stops and listens when someone speaks instead of one which fosters interruptions. Show her that it is acceptable for someone to take time to think before they speak: silences are OK. Allow her the freedom to be herself instead of pressuring her to change an innate quality.\n\nIt is not uncommon to find an introvert who likes to express ideas in writing. The world of web professionals excels in the spread of knowledge that is shared and sought through the written word. Give your introvert the necessary time and tools to write about the job, if she is that way inclined; this might be a good alternative to asking her to speak out.\n\nGroup work\n\nI remember the sinking feeling whenever I heard my teachers say the dreaded words: \u201cAnd now you\u2019re going to break out into groups of\u2026\u201d Being an introvert does not mean you do not like people (or like to be around or work with others). It is just that activities such as group work will invariably drain your introvert\u2019s energy rapidly. Your introvert\u2019s batteries will need to be fully charged for her to be at her best and afterwards she will most likely need to recharge.\n\nQuiet time\n\nThese days, one of the things that I value most at work is the ability to have moments to create and to think in solitude. When I am able to have those moments at the right time I will in turn be happy to participate in group conversations and tasks. Allow your introvert to have those moments: this does not mean she will have to work from home one day a week (but maybe it will); it might simply mean allowing her to take her laptop and her notebook and work from the empty side of the office, or from the coffee shop downstairs for an hour or two. In all likelihood she will come back fully recharged and ready to engage in more social activities \u2013 her plumbob will again be bright green.\n\nLeadership\n\nDo not think that your introvert cannot lead. Cain notes that introverted leaders are more likely to let their proactive employees run with their ideas instead of taking the ideas as their own. I would say that is a positive attribute in a leader. Maybe next time a project starts, talk to your introvert about the possibility of her being in a leadership position or of having more responsibility: you might be surprised at her ability to plan and foresee potential obstacles in the project.\n\nFinal thoughts\n\nYou would not tell someone with dyslexia to get better at spelling without giving her the right tools and enough time to do so. Equally, do not ask your introvert to be more outgoing, or to turn her frown upside down, without giving her the space to do so.\n\nI believe that everyone is an introvert at some point. Everyone needs a moment of solitude now and then, and the work we do requires frequent periods of deep focus and concentration. Striving to create workplaces, classrooms, homes that allow introverts to shine and be comfortable in their skin has the potential to also make those places more balanced for everyone else.\n\nResources and further reading\n\n\n\tThe power of introverts\n\t10 myths about introverts\n\tSusan Cain\u2019s 2014 TED Talk | Announcing the Quiet Revolution\n\tHelp Shy Kids \u2014 Don\u2019t Punish Them\n\tThe Introvert Advantage\n\t6 Things You Thought Wrong About Introverts\n\tExtraversion and introversion", "year": "2014", "author": "Inayaili de Le\u00f3n Persson", "author_slug": "inayailideleon", "published": "2014-12-13T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/the-introvert-owners-manual/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 299, "title": "What the Heck Is Inclusive Design?", "contents": "Naming things is hard. And I don\u2019t just mean CSS class names and JSON properties. Finding the right term for what we do with the time we spend awake and out of bed turns out to be really hard too.\nI\u2019ve variously gone by \u201cfront-end developer\u201d, \u201cuser experience designer\u201d, and \u201caccessibility engineer\u201d, all clumsy and incomplete terms for labeling what I do as an\u2026 erm\u2026 see, there\u2019s the problem again.\nIt\u2019s tempting to give up entirely on trying to find the right words for things, but this risks summarily dispensing with thousands of years spent trying to qualify the world around us. So here we are again.\nRecently, I\u2019ve been using the term \u201cinclusive design\u201d and calling myself an \u201cinclusive designer\u201d a lot. I\u2019m not sure where I first heard it or who came up with it, but the terminology feels like a good fit for the kind of stuff I care to do when I\u2019m not at a pub or asleep.\nThis article is about what I think \u201cinclusive design\u201d means and why I think you might like it as an idea.\nIsn\u2019t \u2018inclusive design\u2019 just \u2018accessibility\u2019 by another name?\nNo, I don\u2019t think so. But that\u2019s not to say the two concepts aren\u2019t related. Note the \u2018design\u2019 part in \u2018inclusive design\u2019 \u2014 that\u2019s not just there by accident. Inclusive design describes a design activity; a way of designing things.\nThis sets it apart from accessibility \u2014 or at least our expectations of what \u2018accessibility\u2019 entails. Despite every single accessibility expert I know (and I know a lot) recommending that accessibility should be integrated into design process, it is rarely ever done. Instead, it is relegated to an afterthought, limiting its effect.\nThe term \u2018accessibility\u2019 therefore lacks the power to connote design process. It\u2019s not that we haven\u2019t tried to salvage the term, but it\u2019s beginning to look like a lost cause. So maybe let\u2019s use a new term, because new things take new names. People get that.\nThe \u2018access\u2019 part of accessibility is also problematic. Before we get ahead of ourselves, I don\u2019t mean access is a problem \u2014 access is good, and the more accessible something is  the better. I mean it\u2019s not enough by itself.\nImagine a website filled with poorly written and lackadaisically organized information, including a bunch of convoluted and confusing functionality. To make this site accessible is to ensure no barriers prevent people from accessing the content. \nBut that doesn\u2019t make the content any better. It just means more people get to suffer it. \nWhoopdidoo.\nAccess is certainly a prerequisite of inclusion, but accessibility compliance doesn\u2019t get you all the way there. It\u2019s possible to check all the boxes but still be left with an unusable  interface. And unusable interfaces are necessarily inaccessible ones. Sure, you can take an unusable interface and make it accessibility compliant, but that only placates stakeholders\u2019 lawyers, not users. Users get little value from it.\nSo where have we got to? Access is important, but inclusion is bigger than access. Inclusive design means making something valuable, not just accessible, to as many people as we can.\nSo inclusive design is kind of accessibility + UX?\nCloser, but there are some problems with this definition.\nUX is, you will have already noted, a broad term encompassing activities ranging from conducting research studies to optimizing the perceived affordance of interface elements. But overall, what I take from UX is that it\u2019s the pursuit of making interfaces  understandable.\nAs it happens, WCAG 2.0 already contains an \u2018Understandable\u2019 principle covering provisions such as readability, predictability and feedback. So you might say accessibility \u2014 at least as described by WCAG \u2014 already covers UX.\nUnfortunately, the criteria are limited, plus some really important stuff (like readability) is relegated to the AAA level; essentially \u201cbonus points if you get the time (you won\u2019t).\u201d\nSo better to let UX folks take care of this kind of thing. It\u2019s what they do. Except, therein lies a danger. UX professionals don\u2019t tend to be well versed in accessibility, so their \u2018solutions\u2019 don\u2019t tend to work for that many people. My friend Billy Gregory coined the term SUX, or \u201cSome UX\u201d: if it doesn\u2019t work for different users, it\u2019s only doing part of the job it should be. \nSUX won\u2019t do, but it\u2019s not just a disability issue. All sorts of user circumstances go unchecked when you\u2019re shooting straight for what people like, and bypassing what people need: device type, device settings, network quality, location, native language, and available time to name just a few.\nIn short, inclusive design means designing things for people who aren\u2019t you, in your situation. In my experience, mainstream UX isn\u2019t very good at that. By bolting accessibility onto mainstream UX we labor under the misapprehension that most people have a \u2018normal\u2019 experience, a few people are exceptions, and that all of the exceptions pertain to disability directly.\nSo inclusive design isn\u2019t really about disability?\nIt is about disability, but not in the same way as accessibility. Accessibility (as it is typically understood, anyway) aims to make sure things work for people with clinically recognized disabilities. Inclusive design aims to make sure things work for people, not forgetting those with clinically recognized disabilities. A subtle, but not so subtle, difference.\nLet\u2019s go back to discussing readability, because that\u2019s a good example. Now: everyone benefits from readable text; text with concise sentences and widely-understood words. It certainly helps people with cognitive impairments, but it doesn\u2019t hinder folks who have less trouble with comprehension. In fact, they\u2019ll more than likely be thankful for the time saved and the clarity. Readable text covers the whole gamut. It\u2019s \u2014 you\u2019ve got it \u2014 inclusive.\nLegibility is another one. A clear, well-balanced typeface makes the reading experience less uncomfortable and frustrating for all concerned, including those who have various forms of visual dyslexia. Again, everyone\u2019s happy \u2014 so why even contemplate a squiggly, sketchy typeface? Leave well alone.\nContrast too. No one benefits from low contrast; everyone benefits from high contrast. Simple. There\u2019s no more work involved, it just entails better decision making. And that\u2019s what design is really: decision making.\nHow about zoom support? If you let your users pinch zoom on their phones they can compensate for poor eyesight, but they can also increase the touch area of controls, inspect detail in images, and compose better screen shots. Unobtrusively supporting options like zoom makes interfaces much more inclusive at very little cost.\nAnd when it comes to the underlying HTML code, you\u2019re in luck: it has already been designed, from the outset, to be inclusive. HTML is a toolkit for inclusion. Using the right elements for the job doesn\u2019t just mean the few who use screen readers benefit, but keyboard accessibility comes out-of-the-box, you can defer to browser behavior rather than writing additional scripts, the code is easier to read and maintain, and editors can create content that is effortlessly presentable. \nWait\u2026 are you talking about universal design?\nHmmm. Yes, I guess some folks might think of \u201cuniversal design\u201d and \u201cinclusive design\u201d as synonymous. I just really don\u2019t like the term universal in this context. \nThe thing is, it gives the impression that you should be designing for absolutely everyone in the universe. Though few would adopt a literal interpretation of \u201cuniversal\u201d in this context, there are enough developers who would deliberately misconstrue the term and decry universal design as an impossible task. I\u2019ve actually had people push back by saying, \u201cwhat, so I\u2019ve got to make it work for people who are allergic to computers? What about people in comas?\u201d\nFor everyone\u2019s sake, I think the term \u2018inclusive\u2019 is less misleading. Of course you can\u2019t make things that everybody can use \u2014 it\u2019s okay, that\u2019s not the aim. But with everything that\u2019s possible with web technologies, there\u2019s really no need to exclude people in the vast numbers that we usually are. \nAccessibility can never be perfect, but by thinking inclusively from planning, through prototyping to production, you can cast a much wider net. That means more and happier users at very little if any more effort.\nIf you like, inclusive design is the means and accessibility is the end \u2014 it\u2019s just that you get a lot more than just accessibility along the way.\nConclusion\nThat\u2019s inclusive design. Or at least, that\u2019s a definition for a thing I think is a good idea which I identify as inclusive design. I\u2019ll leave you with a few tips.\nInvolve code early\nWeb interfaces are made of code. If you\u2019re not working with code, you\u2019re not working on the interface. That\u2019s not to say there\u2019s anything wrong with sketching or paper prototyping  \u2014 in fact, I recommend paper prototyping in my book on inclusive design. Just work with code as soon as you can, and think about code even before that. Maintain a pattern library of coded solutions and omit any solutions that don\u2019t adhere to basic accessibility guidelines.\nRespect conventions\nYour content should be fresh, inventive, radical. Your interface shouldn\u2019t. Adopt accepted conventions in the appearance, placement and coding of interface elements. Users aren\u2019t there to experience interface design; they\u2019re there to use an interface. In other words: stop showing off (unless, of course, the brief is to experiment with new paradigms in interface design, for an audience of interface design researchers).\nDon\u2019t be exact\n\u201cPerfection is the enemy of good\u201d. But the pursuit of perfection isn\u2019t just to be avoided because nothing ever gets finished. Exacting design also makes things inflexible and brittle. If your design depends on elements retaining precise coordinates, they\u2019ll break easily when your users start adjusting font settings or zooming. Choose not to position elements exactly or give them fixed, \u201cmagic number\u201d dimensions. Make less decisions in the interface so your users can make more decisions for it.\nEnforce simplicity\nThe virtue of simplicity is difficult to overestimate. The simpler an interface is, the easier it is to use for all kinds of users. Simpler interfaces require less code to make too, so there\u2019s an obvious performance advantage. There are many design decisions that require user research, but keeping things simple is always the right thing to do. Not simplified or simple-seeming or simplistic, but simple. \nDo a little and do it well, for as many people as you can.", "year": "2016", "author": "Heydon Pickering", "author_slug": "heydonpickering", "published": "2016-12-07T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2016/what-the-heck-is-inclusive-design/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 10, "title": "Home Kanban for Domestic Bliss", "contents": "My wife is an architect. I\u2019m a leader of big technical teams these days, but for many years after I was a dev I was a project/program manager. Our friends and family used to watch Grand Designs and think that we would make the ideal team \u2014 she could design, I could manage the project of building or converting whatever dream home we wanted.\n\nThen we bought a house.\n\nA Victorian terrace in the north-east of England that needed, well, a fair bit of work. The big decisions were actually pretty easy: yes, we should knock through a double doorway from the dining room to the lounge; yes, we should strip out everything from the utility room and redo it; yes, we should roll back the hideous carpet in the bedrooms upstairs and see if we could restore the original wood flooring.\n\nThose could be managed like a project.\n\nWhat couldn\u2019t be was all the other stuff. Incremental improvements are harder to schedule, and in a house that\u2019s over a hundred years old you never know what you\u2019re going to find when you clear away some tiles, or pull up the carpets, or even just spring-clean the kitchen (\u201cErm, hon? The paint seems to be coming off. Actually, so does the plaster\u2026\u201d). A bit like going in to fix bugs in code or upgrade a machine \u2014 sometimes you end up quite far down the rabbit hole.\n\nAnd so, as we tried to fit in those improvements in our evenings and weekends, we found ourselves disagreeing. Arguing, even. We were both trying to do the right thing (make the house better) but since we were fitting it in where we could, we often didn\u2019t get to talk and agree in detail what was needed (exactly how to make the house better). And it\u2019s really frustrating when you stay up late doing something, just to find that your other half didn\u2019t mean that they meant this instead, and so your effort was wasted.\n\nThen I saw this tweet from my friend and colleague Jamie Arnold, who was using the same kanban board approach at home as we had instituted at the UK Government Digital Service to manage our portfolio.\n\nMrs Arnold embraces Kanban wall at home. Disagreements about work in progress and priority significantly reduced.. ;) pic.twitter.com/407brMCH\u2014 Jamie Arnold (@itsallgonewrong) October 27, 2012\n\nAnd despite Jamie\u2019s questionable taste in fancy dress outfits (look closely at that board), he is a proper genius when it comes to processes and particularly agile ones. So I followed his example and instituted a home kanban board.\n\nWhat is this kanban of which you speak?\n\nKanban boards are an artefact from lean manufacturing \u2014 basically a visualisation of a production process. They are used to show you where your bottlenecks are, or where one part of the process is producing components faster than another part of the process can cope. Identifying the bottlenecks leads you to set work in progress (WIP) limits, so that you get an overall more efficient system.\n\nIncreasingly kanban is used as an agile software development approach, too, especially where support work (like fixing bugs) needs to be balanced with incremental enhancement (like adding new features).\n\nI\u2019m a big advocate of kanban when you have a system that needs to be maintained and improved by the same team at the same time. Rather than the sprint-based approach of scrum (where the next sprint\u2019s stories or features to be delivered are agreed up front), kanban lets individuals deal with incidents or problems that need investigation and bug fixing when urgent and important. Then, when someone has capacity, they can just go to the board and pull down the next feature to develop or test.\n\nSo, how did we use it?\n\nOne of the key tenets of kanban is that you visualise your workflow, so we put together a whiteboard with columns: Icebox; To Do Next; In Process; Done; and also a section called Blocked. Then, for each thing that needed to happen in the house, we put it on a Post-it note and initially chucked them all in the Icebox \u2014 a collection with no priority assigned yet.\n\nEach week we looked at the Icebox and pulled out a set of things that we felt should be done next. This was pulled into the To Do Next column, and then each time either of us had some time, we could just pull a new thing over into the In Process column. We agreed to review at the end of each week and move things to Done together, and to talk about whether this kanban approach was working for us or not.\n\nWe quickly learned for ourselves why kanban has WIP limits as a key tenet \u2014 it\u2019s tempting to pull everything into the To Do Next column, but that\u2019s unrealistic. And trying to do more than one or two things each at a given time isn\u2019t terribly productive owing to the cost of task switching. So we tend to limit our To Do Next to about seven items, and our In Process to about four (a max of two each, basically).\n\nWe use the Blocked column when something can\u2019t be completed \u2014 perhaps we can\u2019t fix something because we discovered we don\u2019t have the required tools or supplies, or if we\u2019re waiting for a call back from a plumber. But it\u2019s nice to put it to one side, knowing that it won\u2019t be forgotten.\n\nWhat helped the most?\n\nIt wasn\u2019t so much the visualisation that helped us to see what we needed to do, but the conversation that happened when we were agreeing priorities, moving them to In Process and then on to Done made the biggest difference. Getting clear on the order of importance really is invaluable \u2014 as is getting clear on what Done really means!\n\nThe Blocked column is also great, as it helps us keep track of things we need to do outside the house to make sure we can make progress. We also found it really helpful to examine the process itself and figure out whether it was working for us. For instance, one thing we realised is it\u2019s worth tracking some regular tasks that need time invested in them (like taking recycling that isn\u2019t picked up to the recycling centre) and these used to cycle around and around. So they were moved to Done as part of our weekly review, but then immediately put back in the Icebox to float back to the top again at a relevant time.\n\nBut the best thing of all? That moment where we get to mark something as done! It\u2019s immensely satisfying to review at the end of the week and have a physical marker of the progress you\u2019ve made.\n\nAll in all, a home kanban board turned out to be a very effective way to pull tasks through stages rather than always trying to plan them out in advance, and definitely made collaboration on our home tasks significantly smoother. Give it a try!", "year": "2013", "author": "Meri Williams", "author_slug": "meriwilliams", "published": "2013-12-14T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2013/home-kanban-for-domestic-bliss/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 297, "title": "Public Speaking with a Buddy", "contents": "My book Demystifying Public Speaking focuses on the variety of fears we each have about giving a talk. From presenting to a client, to leading a team standup, to standing on a conference stage, there are lots of things we can do to prepare ourselves for the spotlight and reduce those fears.\nThough it didn\u2019t make it into the final draft, I wanted to highlight how helpful it can be to share that public speaking spotlight with another person, or a few more people. If you have fears about not knowing the answer to a question, fumbling your words, or making a mistake in the spotlight, then buddying up may be for you!\n\nTo some, adding more people to a presentation sounds like a recipe for on-stage disaster. To others, having a friendly face nearby\u2014a partner who can step in if you fumble\u2014is incredibly reassuring. As design director Yesenia Perez-Cruz writes, \u201cWhile public speaking is a deeply personal activity, you don\u2019t have to go it alone. Nothing has helped my speaking career more than turning it into a group effort.\u201d\nCo-presenting can level up a talk in two ways: an additional brain and presentation skill set can improve the content of the talk itself, and you may feel safer with the on-stage safety net of your buddy. \nFor example, when I started giving lengthy workshops about building mobile device labs with my co-worker Destiny Montague, we brought different experience to the table. I was able to talk about the user experience of our lab, and the importance of testing across different screen sizes. Destiny spoke about the hardware aspects of the lab, like power consumption and networking. Our audience benefitted from the spectrum of insight we included in the talk.\nMoreover, Destiny and I kept each other energized and engaging while teaching our audience, having way more fun onstage. Partnering up alleviated the risk (and fear!) of fumbling; where one person makes a mistake, the other person is right there to help. Buddy presentations can be helpful if you fear saying \u201cI don\u2019t know\u201d to a question, as there are other people around you who will be able to help answer it from the stage. By partnering with someone whom I trust and respect, and whose work and knowledge augments my own, it made the experience\u2014and the presentation!\u2014significantly better.\nCo-presenting won\u2019t work if you don\u2019t trust the person you\u2019re onstage with, or if you don\u2019t have good chemistry working together. It might also not work if there\u2019s an imbalance of responsibilities, both in preparing the talk and giving it. Read on for how to make partner talks work to your advantage!\nTrustworthiness\nIf you want to explore co-presenting, make sure that your presentation partner is trustworthy and can carry their weight; it can be stressful if you find yourself trying to meet deadlines and prepare well and your partner isn\u2019t being helpful. We\u2019re all about reducing the fears and stress levels surrounding being in that spotlight onstage; make sure that the person you\u2019re relying on isn\u2019t making the process harder.\nBefore you start working together, sketch out the breakdown of work and timeline you\u2019re each committing to. Have a conversation about your preferred work style so you each have a concrete understanding of the best ways to communicate (in what medium, and how often) and how to check in on each other\u2019s progress without micromanaging or worrying about radio silence. Ask your buddy how they prefer to receive feedback, and give them your own feedback preferences, so neither of you are surprised or offended when someone\u2019s work style or deliverable needs to be tweaked.\nThis should be a partnership in which you both feel supported; it\u2019s healthy to set all these expectations up front, and create a space in which you can each tweak things as the work progresses.\nTalk flow and responsibilities\nThere are a few different ways to organize the structure of your talk with multiple presenters. Start by thinking about the breakdown of the talk content\u2014are there discrete parts you and the other presenters can own or deliver? Or does it feel more appropriate to deliver the entirety of the content together?\nIf you\u2019re finding that you can break down the content into discrete chunks, figure out who should own which pieces, and what ownership means. Will you develop the content together but have only one person present the information? Or will one person research and prepare each content section in addition to delivering it solo onstage?\nRehearse how handoffs will go between sections so it feels natural, rather than stilted. I like breaking a presentation into \u201cchapters\u201d when I\u2019m passionate about particular aspects of a topic and can speak on those, but know that there are other aspects to be shared and there\u2019s someone else who can handle (and enjoy!) talking about them. When Destiny and I rehearsed our \u201cchapter\u201d handoffs, we developed little jingles that we\u2019d both sing together onstage; it indicated to the audience that it was a planned transition in the content, and tied our independent work together into a partnership.\n.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }\n\n\n\nAlternatively, you can give the presentation in a way that\u2019s close to having a rehearsed conversation, rather than independently presenting discrete parts of the talk. In this case, you\u2019ll both be sharing the spotlight at the same time, throughout the duration of the talk. Preparation is key, here, to make sure that you each understand what needs to be communicated, and you have a sense of who will be taking responsibility for communicating those different pieces of information. A poorly-prepared talk like this will look like the co-presenters are talking over each other, or hesitating awkwardly to give the other person more room to speak; the audience will feel how uncomfortable this is, and will probably be distracted from the talk content. Practice the talk the whole way through multiple times so you know what each person is planning on covering and how you want to interact with each other while you\u2019re both holding microphones; also figure out how you\u2019ll be standing in relation to each other. More on that next!\nSharing the stage\nIf you choose to give a talk with a partner, determine ahead of time how you\u2019ll stand (or sit). For example, if you each take \u201cchapters\u201d or major sections of the presentation, ensure that it\u2019s clear who the audience should focus their attention on. You could sit in a chair off to the side (or stand). I recommend placing yourself far enough away that you\u2019re not distracting to the audience; you don\u2019t want them watching you while your partner is speaking. If the audience can still see you, but their focus should be on your buddy, be sure to not look distracted; keep your eyes on your buddy, and don\u2019t just open your laptop and ignore what\u2019s happening! Feel free to smile, laugh, or react how the audience should be reacting as your partner is speaking.\nIf you\u2019re both sharing the spotlight at the same time and having a rehearsed conversation, make sure that your body language engages the audience and you\u2019re not just speaking to each other, ignoring the folks watching. Watch this talk with Guy Podjarny and Assaf Hefetz who have partnered up to talk about security; they have clearly identified roles onstage, and remain engaged with the audience.\n\nConsider whether or not you will share a microphone, or if you will both be mic\u2019d. (Be sure that the event organizer, or the A/V team, has a heads-up well in advance to ensure they have the equipment handy!) Also talk through how you\u2019d like to handle Q&A time during or after the talk, especially if you have clear \u201cchapters\u201d where Q&A might happen naturally during a handoff. The more clarity you and your partner have about who is responsible for which pieces of information sharing, the more you can feel and appear prepared.\nCo-presenting does take a lot of preparation and requires a ton of communication between you and your partner. But the rewards can be awesome: double the brains onstage to help answer questions and communicate information, and a friendly face to help comfort you if you feel nervous.", "year": "2016", "author": "Lara Hogan", "author_slug": "larahogan", "published": "2016-12-06T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2016/public-speaking-with-a-buddy/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 34, "title": "Collaborative Responsive Design Workflows", "contents": "Much has been written about workflow and designer-developer collaboration in web design, but many teams still struggle with this issue; either with how to adapt their internal workflow, or how to communicate the need for best practices like mobile first and progressive enhancement to their teams and clients. Christmas seems like a good time to have another look at what doesn\u2019t work between us and how we can improve matters.\n\nWhy is it so difficult?\n\nWe\u2019re still beginning to understand responsive design workflows, acknowledging the need to move away from static design tools and towards best practices in development. It\u2019s not that we don\u2019t want to change\u00a0\u2013 so why is it so difficult?\n\nChanging the way we do something that has become routine is always problematic, even with small things, and the changes today\u2019s web environment requires from web design and development teams are anything but small.\n\nAlthough developers also have a host of new skills to learn and things to consider, designers are probably the ones pushed furthest out of their comfort zones: as well as graphic design, a web designer today also needs an understanding of interaction design and ergonomics, because more and more websites are becoming tools rather than pages meant to be read like a book or magazine. In addition to that there are thousands of different devices and screen sizes on the market today that layout and interactions need to work on.\n\nThese aspects make it impossible to design in a static design tool, so beyond having to learn about new aspects of design, the designer has to either learn how to code or learn to work with a responsive design tool.\n\nWhy do it\n\nThat alone is enough to leave anyone overwhelmed, as learning a new skill takes time and slows you down in a project \u2013 and on most projects time is in short supply. Yet we have to make time or fall behind in the industry as others pitch better, interactive designs. For an efficient workflow, both designers and developers must familiarise themselves with new tools and techniques.\n\nA designer has to be able to play with ideas, make small adjustments here and there, look at the result, go back to the settings and make further adjustments, and so on. You can only realistically do that if you are able to play with all the elements of a design, including interactivity, accessibility and responsiveness.\n\nFiguring out the right breakpoints in a layout is one of the foremost reasons for designing in a responsive design tool. Even if you create layouts for three viewport sizes (i.e. smartphone, tablet and the most common desktop size), you\u2019d only cover around 30% of visitors and you might miss problems like line breaks and padding at other viewport sizes.\n\nAnother advantage is consistency. In static design tools changes will not be applied across all your other layouts. A developer referring back to last week\u2019s comps might work with outdated metrics. Furthermore, you cannot easily test what impact changes might have on previously designed areas. In a dynamic design tool such changes will be applied to the entire design and allow you to test things in site areas you had already finished.\n\nNo static design tool allows you to do this, and having somebody else produce a mockup from your static designs or wireframes will duplicate work and is inefficient.\n\nHow to do it\n\nWhen working in a responsive design tool rather than in the browser, there is still the question of how and when to communicate with the developer. I have found that working with Sass in combination with a visual style guide is very efficient, but it does need careful planning: fundamental metrics for padding, margins and font sizes, but also design elements like sliders, forms, tabs, buttons and navigational elements, should be defined at the beginning of a project and used consistently across the site. Working with a grid can help you develop a consistent design language across your site.\n\nCreate a visual style guide that shows what the elements look like and how they behave across different screen sizes \u2013 and when interacted with. Put all metrics on paddings, margins, breakpoints, widths, colours and so on in a text document, ideally with names that your developer can use as Sass variables in the CSS. For example:\n\n$padding-default-vertical: 1.5em;\n\nDevelopers, too, need an efficient workflow to keep code maintainable and speed up the time needed for more complex interactions with an eye on accessibility and performance. CSS preprocessors like Sass allow you to work with variables and mixins for default rules, as well as style sheet partials for different site areas or design elements. Create your own boilerplate to use for your projects and then update your variables with the information from your designer for each individual project.\n\nHow to get buy-in\n\nOne obstacle when implementing responsive design, accessibility and content strategy is the logistics of learning new skills and iterating on your workflow. Another is how to sell it. You might expect everyone on a project (including the client) to want to design and develop the best website possible: ultimately, a great site will lead to more conversions. However, we often hear that people find it difficult to convince their teammates, bosses or clients to implement best practices.\n\nWhy is that? Well, I believe a lot of it is down to how we sell it. You will have experienced this yourself: some people you trust to know what they are talking about, and others you don\u2019t. Think about why you trust that first person but don\u2019t buy what the other one is telling you. It is likely because person A has a self-assured, calm and assertive demeanour, while person B seems insecure and apologetic. To sell our ideas, we need to become person A! For a timid designer or developer suffering from imposter syndrome (like many of us do in this industry) that is a difficult task. So how can we become more confident in selling our expertise?\n\nWrite\n\nWe need to become experts. And I mean not just in writing great code or coming up with beautiful designs but at explaining why we\u2019re doing what we\u2019re doing. Why do you code this way or that? Why is this the best layout? Why does a website have to be accessible and responsive? Write about it. Putting your thoughts down on paper or screen is a really efficient way of getting your head around a topic and learning to make a case for something. You may even find that you come up with new ideas as you are writing, so you\u2019ll become a better designer or developer along the way.\n\nTalk\n\nThen, talk about it. Start out in front of your team, then do a lightning talk at a web event near you, then a longer talk or workshop. Having to talk about a topic is going to help you put into spoken words the argument that you\u2019ve previously put together in writing. Writing comes more easily when you\u2019re starting out but we use a different register when writing than talking and you need to learn how to speak your case. Do the talk a couple of times and after each talk make adjustments where you found it didn\u2019t work well. By this time, you are more than ready to make your case to the client. In fact, you\u2019ve been ready since that first talk in front of your colleagues ;)\n\nPitch\n\nPitches used to be based on a presentation of static layouts for for three to five typical pages and three different designs. But if we want to sell interactivity, structure, usability, accessibility and responsiveness, we need to demonstrate these things and I believe that it can only do us good. I have seen a few pitches sitting in the client\u2019s chair and static layouts are always sort of dull. What makes a website a website is the fact that I can interact with it and smooth interactions or animations add that extra sparkle.\n\nI can\u2019t claim personal experience for this one but I\u2019d be bold and go for only one design. One demo page matching the client\u2019s corporate design but not any specific page for the final site. Include design elements like navigation, photography, typefaces, article layout (with real content), sliders, tabs, accordions, buttons, forms, tables (yes, tables) \u2013 everything you would include in a style tiles document, only interactive. Demonstrate how the elements behave when clicked, hovered and touched, and how they change across different screen sizes. You may even want to demonstrate accessibility features like tabbed navigation and screen reader use.\n\nObviously, there are many approaches that will work in different situations but don\u2019t give up on finding a process that works for you and that ultimately allows you to build delightful, accessible, responsive user experiences for the web. Make time to try new tools and techniques and don\u2019t just work on them on the side \u2013 start using them on an actual project. It is only when we use a tool or process in the real world that we become true experts. Remember your driving lessons: once the instructor had explained how to operate the car, you were sent to practise driving on the road in actual traffic!", "year": "2014", "author": "Sibylle Weber", "author_slug": "sibylleweber", "published": "2014-12-07T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/collaborative-responsive-design-workflows/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 272, "title": "Crafting the Front-end", "contents": "Much has been spoken and written recently about the virtues of craftsmanship in the context of web design and development. It seems that we as fabricators of the web are finally tiring of seeking out parallels between ourselves and architects, and are turning instead to the fabled specialist artisans.\n\nIdentifying oneself as a craftsman or craftswoman (let\u2019s just say craftsperson from here onward) will likely be a trend of early 2012. In this pre-emptive strike, I\u2019d like to expound on this movement as I feel it pertains to front-end development, and encourage care and understanding of the true qualities of craftsmanship (craftspersonship).\n\nThe core values\n\nI\u2019ll begin by defining craftspersonship. What distinguishes a craftsperson from a technician? Dictionaries tend to define a craftsperson as one who possesses great skill in a chosen field. The badge of a craftsperson for me, though, is a very special label that should be revered and used sparingly, only where it is truly deserved. A genuine craftsperson encompasses a few other key traits, far beyond raw skill, each of which must be learned and mastered.\n\nA craftsperson has: \n\n\n\tAn appreciation of good work, in both the work of others and their own. And not just good as in \u2018hey, that\u2019s pretty neat\u2019, I mean a goodness like a shining purity \u2013 the kind of good that feels right when you see it.\n\tA belief in quality at every level: every facet of the craftsperson\u2019s product is as crucial as any other, without exception, even those normally hidden from view.\n\tVision: an ability to visualize their path ahead, pre-empting the obstacles that may be encountered to plan a route around them.\n\tA preference for simplicity: an almost Bauhausesque devotion to undecorated functionality, with no unjustifiable parts included.\n\tSincerity: producing work that speaks directly to its purpose with flawless clarity.\n\n\nOnly when you become a custodian of such values in your work can you consider calling yourself a craftsperson. Now let\u2019s take a look at some steps we front-end developers can take on our journey of enlightenment toward craftspersonhood.\n\n Speaking of the craftsman\u2019s journey, be sure to watch out for the video of The Standardistas\u2019 stellar talk at the Build 2011 conference titled The Journey, which should be online sometime soon.\n\nBuilding your own toolbox\n\nMy grandfather was a carpenter and trained as a young apprentice under a master. After observing and practising the many foundation theories, principles and techniques of carpentry, he was tasked with creating his own set of woodworking tools, which he would use and maintain throughout his career. By going through the process of having to create his own tools, he would be connected at the most direct level with every piece of wood he touched, his tools being his own creations and extensions of his own skilled hands. The depth of his knowledge of these tools must have surpassed the intricate as he fathered, used, cleaned and repaired them, day in and day out over many years.\n\nAnd so it should be, ideally, with all crafts. We must understand our tools right down to the most fundamental level. I firmly believe that a level of true craftsmanship cannot be reached while there exists a layer that remains not wholly understood between a creator and his canvas. Of course, our tools as front-end developers are somewhat more complex than those of other crafts \u2013 it may seem reasonable to require that a carpenter create his or her own set of chisels, but somewhat less so to ask a front-end developer to code their own CSS preprocessor, or design their own computer.\n\nHowever, it is still vitally important that you understand how your tools work. This is particularly critical when it comes to things like preprocessors, libraries and frameworks which aim to save you time by automating common processes and functions. For the most part, anything that saves you time is a Good Thing\u2122 but it cannot be stressed enough that using tools like these in earnest should be avoided until you understand exactly what they are doing for you (and, to an extent, how they are doing it). \n\nIn particular, you must understand any drawbacks to using your tools, and any shortcuts they may be taking on your behalf. I\u2019m not suggesting that you steer clear of paid work until you\u2019ve studied each of jQuery\u2019s 9,266 lines of JavaScript source code but, all levity aside, it will further you on your journey to look at interesting or relevant bits of jQuery, and any other libraries you might want to use. Such libraries often directly link to corresponding sections of their source code on sites like GitHub from their official documentation. Better yet, they\u2019re almost always written in high level languages (easy to read), so there\u2019s no excuse not to don your pith helmet and go on something of an exploration. Any kind of tangential learning like this will drive you further toward becoming a true craftsperson, so keep an open mind and always be ready to step out of your comfort zone.\n\nDowntime and tool honing\n\nWith any craft, it is essential to keep your tools in good condition, and a good idea to stay up-to-date with the latest equipment. This is especially true on the web, which, as we like to tell anyone who is still awake more than a minute after asking what it is that we do, advances at a phenomenal pace. A tool or technique that could be considered best practice this week might be the subject of haughty derision in a comment thread within six months.\n\nI have little doubt that you already spend a chunk of time each day keeping up with the latest material from our industry\u2019s finest Interblogs and Twittertubes, but do you honestly put aside time to collect bookmarks and code snippets from things you read into a slowly evolving toolbox? At @media in 2009, Simon Collison delivered a candid talk on his \u2018Ultimate Package\u2019. Those of us who didn\u2019t flee the room anticipating a newfound and unwelcome intimacy with the contents of his trousers were shown how he maintained his own toolkit \u2013 a collection of files and folders all set up and ready to go for a new project. By maintaining a toolkit in this way, he has consistency across projects and a dependable base upon which to learn and improve.\n\nThe assembly and maintenance of such a personalized and familiar toolkit is probably as close as we will get to emulating the tool making stage of more traditional craft trades. Keep a master copy of your toolkit somewhere safe, making copies of it for new projects. When you learn of a way in which part of it can be improved, make changes to the master copy.\n\nSimplicity through modularity\n\nI believe that the user interfaces of all web applications should be thought of as being made up primarily of modular components. Modules in this context are patterns in design that appear repeatedly throughout the app. These can be small collections of elements, like a user profile summary box (profile picture, username, meta data), as well as atomic elements such as headings and list items.\n\nWell-crafted front-end architectures have the ability to support this kind of repeating pattern as modules, with as close to no repetition of CSS (or JavaScript) as possible, and as close to no variations in HTML between instances as possible.\n\nOne of the most fundamental and well known tenets of software engineering is the DRY rule \u2013 don\u2019t repeat yourself. It requires that \u201cevery piece of knowledge must have a single, unambiguous, authoritative representation within a system.\u201d \n\nAs craftspeople, we must hold this rule dear and apply it to the modules we have identified in our site designs. The moment you commit a second style definition for a module, the quality of your output (the front-end code) takes a huge hit. There should only ever be one base style definition for each distinct module or component. Keep these in a separate, sacred place in your CSS. I use a _modules.scss Sass include file, imported near the top of my main CSS files.\n\nBe sure, of course, to avoid making changes to this file lightly, as the smallest adjustment can affect multiple pages (hint: keep a structure list of which modules are used on which pages). Avoid the inevitable temptation to duplicate code late in the project. Sticking to this rule becomes more important the more complex the codebase becomes.\n\nIf you can stick to this rule, using sensible class names and consistent HTML, you can reach a joyous, self-fulfilling plateau stage in each project where you are assembling each interface from your own set of carefully crafted building blocks.\n\nOld school markup\n\nLet\u2019s take a step back. Before we fret about creating a divinely pure modular CSS framework, we need to know the site\u2019s design and what it is made of. The best way to gain this knowledge is to go old school. Print out every comp, mockup, wireframe, sketch or whatever you have. If there are sections of pages that are hidden until some user action takes place, or if the page has multiple states, be sure that you have everything that could become visible to the user on paper.\n\nOnce you have your wedge of paper designs, lay out all the pages on the floor, or stick them to the wall if you can, arranging them logically according to the site hierarchy, by user journey, or whatever guidelines make most sense to you. Once you have the site laid out before you, study it for a while, familiarizing yourself with every part of every interface. This will eliminate nasty surprises late in the project when you realize you\u2019ve duplicated something, or left an interface on the drawing board altogether.\n\nNow that you know the site like it\u2019s your best friend, get out your pens or pencils of choice and attack it. Mark it up like there\u2019s no tomorrow. Pretend you\u2019re a spy trying to identify communications from an enemy network hiding their messages in newspapers. Look for patterns and similarities, drawing circles around them. These are your modules. Start also highlighting the differences between each instance of these modules, working out which is the most basic or common type that will become the base definition from which all other representations are extended.\n\nThis simple but empowering exercise will equip you for your task of actually crafting, instead of just building, the front-end. Without the knowledge gained from this kind of research phase, you will be blundering forward, improvising as best you can, but ultimately making quality-compromising mistakes that could have been avoided.\n\nFor more on this theme, read Anna Debenham\u2019s Front-end Style Guides which recommends a similar process, and the sublime idea of extending this into a guide to refer to during development and beyond.\n\nDesign homogeneity\n\nMoving forward again, you now have your modules defined and things are looking good. I mentioned that many instances of these modules will carry minor differences. These differences must be given significant thinking time, and discussion time with your designer(s).\n\nIt should be common knowledge by now that successful software projects are not the product of distinct design and build phases with little or no bidirectional feedback. The crucial nature of the designer-developer relationship has been covered in depth this year by Paul Robert Lloyd, and a joint effort from both teams throughout the project lifecycle is pivotal to your ability to craft and ship successful products.\n\nThis relationship comes into play when you\u2019re well into the development of the site, and you start noticing these differences between instances of modules (they\u2019ll start to stand out very clearly to you and your carefully regimented modular CSS system). Before you start overriding your base styles, question the differences with the designer to work out why they exist. Perhaps they are required and are important to their context, but perhaps they were oversights from earlier design revisions, or simple mistakes.\n\nThe craftsperson\u2019s gland\n\nAs you grow towards the levels of expertise and experience where you can proudly and honestly consider yourself a craftsperson, you will find that you steadily develop what initially feels like a kind of sixth sense. I think of it more as a new hormonal gland, secreting into your bloodstream a powerful messenger chemical that can either reward or punish your brain. This gland is connected directly to your core understanding of what good quality work looks and feels like, an understanding that itself improves with experience. \n\nThis gland will make itself known to you in two ways. First, when you solve a problem in a beautifully elegant way with clean and unobtrusive code that looks good and just feels right, your craftsperson\u2019s gland will ooze something delicious that makes your brain and soul glow from the inside out. You will beam triumphantly at the succinct lines of code on your computer display before bounding outside with a spring in your step to swim up glittering rainbows and kiss soft fluffy puppies.\n\nThe second way that you may become aware of your craftsperson\u2019s gland, though, is somewhat less pleasurable. In an alternate reality, your parallel self is faced with the same problem, but decides to take a shortcut and get around it by some dubious means \u2013 the kind of technical method that the words hack, kludge and bodge are reserved for. As soon as you have done this, or even as you are doing it, your craftsperson\u2019s gland will damn well let you know that you took the wrong fork in the road. As your craftsperson\u2019s gland begins to secrete a toxic pus, you will at first become entranced into a vacant stare at the monstrous mess you are considering unleashing upon your site\u2019s visitors, before writhing in the horrible agony of an itch that can never be scratched, and a feeling of being coated with the devil\u2019s own deep and penetrating filth that no shower will ever cleanse.\n\nPerhaps I exaggerate slightly, but it is no overstatement to suggest that you will find yourself being guided by proverbial angels and demons perched on opposite shoulders, or a whispering voice inside your head. If you harness this sense, sharpening it as if it were another tool in your kit and letting it guide or at least advise your decision making, you will transcend the rocky realm of random trial and error when faced with problems, and tend toward the right answers instinctively.\n\nThis gland can also empower your ability to assess your own work, becoming a judge before whom all your work is cross-examined. A good craftsperson regularly takes a step back from their work, and questions every facet of their product for its precise alignment with their core values of quality and sincerity, and even the very necessity of each component.\n\nThe wrapping\n\nBy now, you may be thinking that I take this kind of thing far too seriously, but to terrify you further, I haven\u2019t even shared the half of it. Hopefully, though, this gives you an idea of the kind of levels of professionalism and dedication that it should take to get you on your way to becoming a craftsperson. It\u2019s a level of accomplishment and ability toward which we all should strive, both for our personal fulfilment and the betterment of the products we use daily. I look forward to seeing your finely crafted work throughout 2012.", "year": "2011", "author": "Ben Bodien", "author_slug": "benbodien", "published": "2011-12-24T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2011/crafting-the-front-end/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 237, "title": "Circles of Confusion", "contents": "Long before I worked on the web, I specialised in training photographers how to use large format,  5\u00d74\u2033 and 10\u00d78\u2033 view cameras \u2013 film cameras with swing and tilt movements, bellows and upside down, back to front images viewed on dim, ground glass screens. It\u2019s been fifteen years since I clicked a shutter on a view camera, but some things have stayed with me from those years.\n\nIn photography, even the best lenses don\u2019t focus light onto a point (infinitely small in size) but onto \u2018spots\u2019 or circles in the \u2018film/image plane\u2019. These circles of light have dimensions, despite being microscopically small. They\u2019re known as \u2018circles of confusion\u2019.\n\nAs circles of light become larger, the more unsharp parts of a photograph appear. On the flip side, when circles are smaller, an image looks sharper and more in focus. This is the basis for photographic depth of field and with that comes the knowledge that no photograph can be perfectly focused, never truly sharp. Instead, photographs can only be \u2018acceptably unsharp\u2019. \n\nAcceptable unsharpness is now a concept that\u2019s relevant to the work we make for the web, because often \u2013 unless we compromise \u2013 websites cannot look or be experienced exactly the same across browsers, devices or platforms. Accepting that fact, and learning to look upon these natural differences as creative opportunities instead of imperfections, can be tough. Deciding which aspects of a design must remain consistent and, therefore, possibly require more time, effort or compromises can be tougher. Circles of confusion can help us, our bosses and our customers make better, more informed decisions.\n\nAcceptable unsharpness\n\nMany clients still demand that every aspect of a design should be \u2018sharp\u2019 \u2013 that every user must see rounded boxes, gradients and shadows \u2013 without regard for the implications. I believe that this stems largely from the fact that they have previously been shown designs \u2013 and asked for sign-off \u2013 using static images.\n\nIt\u2019s also true that in the past, organisations have invested heavily in style guides which, while maybe still useful in offline media, have a strictness that often fails to allow for the flexibility that we need to create experiences that are appropriate to a user\u2019s browser or device capabilities.\n\nWe live in an era where web browsers and devices have wide-ranging capabilities, and websites can rarely look or be experienced exactly the same across them. Is a particular typeface vital to a user\u2019s experience of a brand? How important are gradients or shadows? Are rounded corners really that necessary? These decisions determine how \u2018sharp\u2019 an element should be across browsers with different capabilities and, therefore, how much time, effort or extra code and images we devote to achieving consistency between them. To help our clients make those decisions, we can use circles of confusion.\n\nCircles of confusion\n\nUsing circles of confusion involves plotting aspects of a visual design into a series of concentric circles, starting at the centre with elements that demand the most consistency. Then, work outwards, placing elements in order of their priority so that they become progressively \u2018softer\u2019, more defocused as they\u2019re plotted into outer rings.\n\nIf layout and typography must remain consistent, place them in the centre circle as they\u2019re aspects of a design that must remain \u2018sharp\u2019.\n\nWhen gradients are important \u2013 but not vital \u2013 to a user\u2019s experience of a brand, plot them close to, but not in the centre. This makes everyone aware that to achieve consistency, you\u2019ll need to carve out extra images for browsers that don\u2019t support CSS gradients.\n\nIf achieving rounded corners or shadows in all browsers isn\u2019t important, place them into outer circles, allowing you to save time by not creating images or employing JavaScript workarounds.\n\nI\u2019ve found plotting aspects of a visual design into circles of confusion is a useful technique when explaining the natural differences between browsers to clients. It sets more realistic expectations and creates an environment for more meaningful discussions about progressive and emerging technologies. Best of all, it enables everyone to make better and more informed decisions about design implementation priorities.\n\nInvolving clients allows the implications of the decisions they make more transparent. For me, this has sometimes meant shifting deadlines or it has allowed me to more easily justify an increase in fees. Most important of all, circles of confusion have helped the people that I work with move beyond yesterday\u2019s one-size-fits-all thinking about visual design, towards accepting the rich diversity of today\u2019s web.", "year": "2010", "author": "Andy Clarke", "author_slug": "andyclarke", "published": "2010-12-23T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/circles-of-confusion/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 259, "title": "Designing Your Future", "contents": "I\u2019ve had the pleasure of working for a variety of clients \u2013 both large and small \u2013 over the last 25 years. In addition to my work as a design consultant, I\u2019ve worked as an educator, leading the Interaction Design team at Belfast School of Art, for the last 15 years.\nIn July, 2018 \u2013 frustrated with formal education, not least the ever-present hand of \u2018austerity\u2019 that has ravaged universities in the UK for almost a decade \u2013 I formally reduced my teaching commitment, moving from a full-time role to a half-time role.\nMaking the move from a (healthy!) monthly salary towards a position as a freelance consultant is not without its challenges: one month your salary\u2019s arriving in your bank account (and promptly disappearing to pay all of your bills); the next month, that salary\u2019s been drastically reduced. That can be a shock to the system.\nIn this article, I\u2019ll explore the challenges encountered when taking a life-changing leap of faith. To help you confront \u2018the fear\u2019 \u2013 the nervousness, the sleepless nights and the ever-present worry about paying the bills \u2013 I\u2019ll provide a set of tools that will enable you to take a leap of faith and pursue what deep down drives you.\nIn short: I\u2019ll bare my soul and share everything I\u2019m currently working on to \u2013 once and for all \u2013 make a final bid for freedom.\nThis isn\u2019t easy. I\u2019m sharing my innermost hopes and aspirations, and I might open myself up to ridicule, but I believe that by doing so, I might help others, by providing them with tools to help them make their own leap of faith.\nThe power of visualisation\nAs designers we have skills that we use day in, day out to imagine future possibilities, which we then give form. In our day-to-day work, we use those abilities to design products and services, but I also believe we can use those skills to design something every bit as important: ourselves.\nIn this article I\u2019ll explore three tools that you can use to design your future:\n\nProduct DNA\nArtefacts From the Future\nTomorrow Clients\n\nEach of these tools is designed to help you visualise your future. By giving that future form, and providing a concrete goal to aim for, you put the pieces in place to make that future a reality.\nBrian Eno \u2013 the noted musician, producer and thinker \u2013 states, \u201cHumans are capable of a unique trick: creating realities by first imagining them, by experiencing them in their minds.\u201d Eno helpfully provides a powerful example:\n\nWhen Martin Luther King said, \u201cI have a dream,\u201d he was inviting others to dream that dream with him. Once a dream becomes shared in that way, current reality gets measured against it and then modified towards it.\nThe dream becomes an invisible force which pulls us  forward. By this process it starts to come true. The act of imagining something makes it real.\n\nWhen you imagine your future \u2013 designing an alternate, imagined reality in your mind \u2013 you begin the process of making that future real.\nProduct DNA\nThe first tool, which I use regularly \u2013 for myself and for client work \u2013 is a tool called Product DNA. The intention of this tool is to identify beacons from which you can learn, helping you to visualise your future.\nWe all have heroes \u2013 individuals or organisations \u2013 that we look up to. Ask yourself, \u201cWho are your heroes?\u201d If you had to pick three, who would they be and what could you learn from them? (You probably have more than three, but distilling down to three is an exercise in itself.)\nEarlier this year, when I was putting the pieces in place for a change in career direction, I started with my heroes. I chose three individuals that inspired me:\n\nAlan Moore: the author of \u2018Do Design: Why Beauty is Key to Everything\u2019;\nMark Shayler: the founder of Ape, a strategic consultancy; and\nSeth Godin: a writer and educator I\u2019ve admired and followed for many years.\n\nLooking at each of these individuals, I \u2018borrowed\u2019 a little DNA from each of them. That DNA helped me to paint a picture of the kind of work I wanted to do and the direction I wanted to travel.\n\nMoore\u2019s book - \u2018Do Design\u2019 \u2013 had a powerful influence on me, but the primary inspiration I drew from him was the sense of gravitas he conveyed in his work. Moore\u2019s mission is an important one and he conveys that with an appropriate weight of expression.\nShayler\u2019s work appealed to me for its focus on equipping big businesses with a startup mindset. As he puts it: \u201cI believe that you can do the things that you do better.\u201d That sense \u2013 of helping others to be their best selves \u2013 appealed to me.\nFinally, the words Godin uses to describe himself \u2013 \u201cAn Author, Entrepreneur and Most of All, a Teacher\u201d \u2013 resonated with me. The way he positions himself, as, \u201cmost of all, a teacher,\u201d gave me the belief I needed that I could work as an educator, but beyond the ivory tower of academia.\nI\u2019ve been exploring each of these individuals in depth, learning from them and applying what I learn to my practice. They don\u2019t all know it, but they are all \u2018mentors from afar\u2019.\nIn a moment of serendipity \u2013 and largely, I believe, because I\u2019d used this tool to explore his work \u2013 I was recently invited by Alan Moore to help him develop a leadership programme built around his book.\nThe key lesson here is that not only has this exercise helped me to design my future and give it tangible form, it\u2019s also led to a fantastic opportunity to work with Alan Moore, a thinker who I respect greatly.\nArtefacts From the Future\nThe second tool, which I also use regularly, is a tool called \u2018Artefacts From the Future\u2019. These artefacts \u2013 especially when designed as \u2018finished\u2019 pieces \u2013 are useful for creating provocations to help you see the future more clearly.\n\u2018Artefacts From the Future\u2019 can take many forms: they might be imagined magazine articles, news items, or other manifestations of success. By imagining these end points and giving them form, you clarify your goals, establishing something concrete to aim for.\nEarlier this year I revisited this tool to create a provocation for myself. I\u2019d just finished Alla Kholmatova\u2019s excellent book on \u2018Design Systems\u2019, which I would recommend highly. The book wasn\u2019t just filled with valuable insights, it was also beautifully designed.\nOnce I\u2019d finished reading Kholmatova\u2019s book, I started thinking: \u201cPerhaps it\u2019s time for me to write a new book?\u201d Using the magic of \u2018Inspect Element\u2019, I created a fictitious page for a new book I wanted to write: \u2018Designing Delightful Experiences\u2019.\nI wrote a description for the book, considering how I\u2019d pitch it.\n\nThis imagined page was just what I needed to paint a picture in my mind of a possible new book. I contacted the team at Smashing Magazine and pitched the idea to them. I\u2019m happy to say that I\u2019m now working on that book, which is due to be published in 2019.\nWithout this fictional promotional page from the future, the book would have remained as an idea \u2013 loosely defined \u2013 rolling around my mind. By spending some time, turning that idea into something \u2018real\u2019, I had everything I needed to tell the story of the book, sharing it with the publishing team at Smashing Magazine.\nOf course, they could have politely informed me that they weren\u2019t interested, but I\u2019d have lost nothing \u2013 truly \u2013 in the process.\nAs designers, creating these imaginary \u2018Artefacts From the Future\u2019 is firmly within our grasp. All we need to do is let go a little and allow our imaginations to wander.\nIn my experience, working with clients and \u2013 to a lesser extent, students \u2013 it\u2019s the \u2018letting go\u2019 part that\u2019s the hard part. It can be difficult to let down your guard and share a weighty goal, but I\u2019d encourage you to do so. At the end of the day, you have nothing to lose.\nThe key lesson here is that your \u2018Artefacts From the Future\u2019 will focus your mind. They\u2019ll transform your unformed ideas into \u2018tangible evidence\u2019 of future possibilities, which you can use as discussion points and provocations, helping you to shape your future reality.\nTomorrow Clients\nThe third tool, which I developed more recently, is a tool called \u2018Tomorrow Clients\u2019. This tool is designed to help you identify a list of clients that you aspire to work with.\nThe goal is to pinpoint who you would like to work with \u2013 in an ideal world \u2013 and define how you\u2019d position yourself to win them over. Again, this involves \u2018letting go\u2019 and allowing your mind to imagine the possibilities, asking, \u201cWhat if\u2026?\u201d\nBefore I embarked upon the design of my new website, I put together a \u2018soul searching\u2019 document that acted as a focal point for my thinking. I contacted a number of designers for a second opinion to see if my thinking was sound.\nOne of my graduates \u2013 Chris Armstrong, the founder of Niice \u2013 replied with the following: \u201cMight it be useful to consider five to ten companies you\u2019d love to work for, and consider how you\u2019d pitch yourself to them?\u201d\nThis was just the provocation I needed. To add a little focus, I reduced the list to three, asking: \u201cWho would my top three clients be?\u201d\n\nBy distilling the list down I focused on who I\u2019d like to work for and how I\u2019d position myself to entice them to work with me. My list included: IDEO, Adobe and IBM. All are companies I admire and I believed each would be interesting to work for.\nThis exercise might \u2013 on the surface \u2013 appear a little like indulging in fantasy, but I believe it helps you to clarify exactly what it is you are good at and, just as importantly, put that in to words.\nFor each company, I wrote a short pitch outlining why I admired them and what I thought I could add to their already existing skillset.\nFocusing first on Adobe, I suggested establishing an emphasis on educational resources, designed to help those using Adobe\u2019s creative tools to get the most out of them.\nA few weeks ago, I signed a contract with the team working on Adobe XD to create a series of \u2018capsule courses\u2019, focused on UX design. The first of these courses \u2013 exploring UI design \u2013 will be out in 2019.\nI believe that Armstrong\u2019s provocation \u2013 asking me to shift my focus from clients I have worked for in the past to clients I aspire to work for in the future \u2013 made all the difference.\nThe key lesson here is that this exercise encouraged me to raise the bar and look to the future, not the past. In short, it enabled me to proactively design my future.\nIn closing\u2026\nI hope these three tools will prove a welcome addition to your toolset. I use them when working with clients, I also use them when working with myself.\nI passionately believe that you can design your future. I also firmly believe that you\u2019re more likely to make that future a reality if you put some thought into defining what it looks like.\nAs I say to my students and the clients I work with: It\u2019s not enough to want to be a success, the word \u2018success\u2019 is too vague to be a destination. A far better approach is to define exactly what success looks like.\nThe secret is to visualise your future in as much detail as possible. With that future vision in hand as a map, you give yourself something tangible to translate into a reality.", "year": "2018", "author": "Christopher Murphy", "author_slug": "christophermurphy", "published": "2018-12-15T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2018/designing-your-future/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 85, "title": "Starting Your Project on the Right Foot (and Keeping It There)", "contents": "I\u2019m not sure if anything is as terrifying as beginning a new design project. I often spend hours trying to find the best initial footing in a design, so I\u2019ve been working hard to improve my process, particularly for the earliest stages of a project. I want\u00a0to smooth out the bumps that disrupt my creative momentum and focus on the emotional highs and lows I experience, and then try to minimize the lows and ride the highs as long as possible. \n\nDesign is often a struggle broken up by blissful moments of creative clarity that provide valuable force to move your work forward. Momentum is a powerful tool in creative work, and it\u2019s something we don\u2019t always maximize when we\u2019re working because of the hectic nature of our field.\u00a0Obviously, every designer is going to have a different process, but I thought I\u2019d share some of the methods I\u2019ve begun to adopt. I hope this will spark a conversation among designers who are interested in looking at process in a new way.\n\nJump-starting a project\n\nI cannot overstate the importance of immersing yourself in design and collecting ample amounts of inspiration when beginning a project. I make it a daily practice to visit a handful of sites (Dribbble, Graphic Exchange, Web Creme, siteInspire, Designspiration, and others) and save any examples of design that I like. I then sort them into general categories (publication design, illustration, typography, web design, and so on). Enjoying a bit of fresh design every day helps me absorb it and analyze why it\u2019s effective instead of just imitating it.\u00a0\n\nMany designers are afraid to look at too much design for fear that they\u2019ll be tempted to copy it, but I feel a steady influx of design inspiration reduces that possibility. You\u2019re much more likely to take the easy way out and rip off a design if you\u2019re scrambling for inspiration after getting stuck. If you are immersed in design from a variety of mediums, you\u2019ll engage your creative brain on multiple levels and have an easier time creating something unique for your project. Looking at good design will not make you a good designer but it will make you a better designer.\n\nDesign is design\n\nTry not to limit your visual research to the medium you\u2019re working in. Websites, books, posters and packaging all have their own unique limitations and challenges, and any one of those characteristics could be useful to you. Posters need to grab the viewer and pass on a small tidbit of information; packaging needs to encourage physical interaction; and websites need to encourage exploration. If you know the challenges you\u2019ll be facing, you will know where to look for design that tackles those same problems.\n\nI find it refreshing to look at design from the turn of the nineteenth century, when type was laid out on objects without thought to aesthetics. Many vintage packages break all sorts of modern design rules, and looking at that kind of work is a great way to spark your creativity. Pulling yourself out of the box and away from the rules of what you\u2019re working on can reveal solutions that are innovative and unique.\u00a0After a little finessing, the warning label text from a 1940s hazardous chemical box from could have the exact type and icon arrangement you need for your project.\u00a0There\u2019s a massive pool of design to pull from that doesn\u2019t have the limitations the web has, and exploring those design worlds will help you grow your own repertoire.\n\nIf all else fails, start with the footer\n\nThe very beginning of a project is the most frustrating point in a project for me. I\u2019m trying to figure out typeface combinations, colors and the overall voice of the design, and until I find the right solutions, I\u2019m a wreck. I\u2019ve found often that my frustration stems from trying to solve too many problems at once. The beginning of a project has a lot of moving targets, nearly endless possible solutions, and constantly changing variables. You\u2019ll knock out one problem only to discover your solution doesn\u2019t jive with something you worked out earlier \u2014 you end up designing in circles.\n\nIf you find yourself getting stuck at the beginning of a website design, try working out one specific element of the site and see what emerges. I\u2019m going to recommend the footer. Why? Footers can easily be ignored in a design or become a dumping ground for items that couldn\u2019t be worked into the main layout. But, at the start of most projects, the minimum content requirements for the footer are usually established. There needs to be a certain number of links, social media buttons, copyright details, a search bar, and so on. It\u2019s a self-contained item within the design that has a specific purpose, and that\u2019s a great element to focus on when you\u2019re stuck in a design. Colors, typefaces, link styles, input fields and buttons can all be sketched out from just the footer. It\u2019s a very flexible element that can be as prominent or subtle as you want, and it\u2019s a solid starting point for setting the tone and style of a site.\n\nSave the details\n\nDesigners love details. I love details. But don\u2019t let nitpicking early on in your process kill your creative momentum.\u00a0Design is an emotional process, and being frustrated or defeated by a tricky problem or a graphical detail you just can\u2019t nail down can deflate your creative energies. If you hit a roadblock, set it aside and tackle another piece of the project. As you spend time engaged in a design, the style you develop will evolve according to the needs of the content, and you might arrive naturally at a solution that will work perfectly for the problem that had you stuck before.\u00a0\n\nIf I find myself working on one particular element for more than a half an hour without any clear movement, I shelve it. Designers often wear their obsessive detail-oriented tendencies as a badge of honor, but there\u2019s a difference between making the design better and wasting time. If you\u2019ve spent hours nudging elements around pixel by pixel and can\u2019t settle on something, it probably means what you\u2019re doing isn\u2019t making a huge improvement on the design. Don\u2019t be afraid to let it lie and come at it again with fresh eyes. You will be better equipped to tackle the finer points of a project once you\u2019ve got the broad strokes defined.\n\nHave a plan when you start and stop designing\n\nWe all know that creativity isn\u2019t something you can turn on effortlessly, and it\u2019s easy to forget the emotional process that goes along with design.\u00a0If you leave a project in a place of frustration, it\u2019s going to stay with you in your free time and affect you negatively, like a dark cloud of impending disaster. Try to end each design session with a victory, a small bit of definable progress that you can take with you in your downtime. Even something as small as finding the right opacity for the interior shadow on the search bar in the header of the site is a win.\u00a0Likewise, when you return to a project after a break, it can be difficult to get the ball rolling on the design again if you set it down without a clear path for the next steps. I find that I work on details best when I\u2019m returning from downtime, when I\u2019m fresh and re-energized and ready to dig in again. Try to pick out at least one element you\u2019d like to fine-tune when you are winding down in a design session and use it to kick-start your next session.\n\nContent is king\n\nI would argue there is nothing more crucial to the success of a design than having the content defined from the outset.\u00a0Designing without content is similar to designing without an audience, and designing with vague ideas of content types and character limits is going to result in a muted design that doesn\u2019t reach its full potential. Images and language go hand in hand with design, and can take a design from functional to outstanding if you have them available from the outset. We don\u2019t always have the luxury of having content to build a design around, but fight for it whenever you can. For example, if the site you are designing is full of technical jargon, your paragraphs might need a longer line length to accommodate the longer words being used.\u00a0\n\nOften, working with content will lead to design solutions you wouldn\u2019t have come to otherwise.\u00a0Design speaks to content, and content speaks to design. Lorem ipsum doesn\u2019t speak to anyone (unless you know Latin, in which case, congratulations!).\n\nEvery project has its own set of needs, and every designer has his or her own method of working. There\u2019s obviously no perfect process to design, and being dogmatic about process can be just as harmful as not having one. Exposing yourself to new design and new ways of designing is an easy way to test your skills and grow. When things are hard and you can\u2019t get any momentum going on a design, this is when your skill set is truly challenged. We all hope to get wonderful projects with great assets and ample creative possibilities, but you won\u2019t always be so blessed, and this is when the quality of your process is really going to shine.", "year": "2012", "author": "Bethany Heck", "author_slug": "bethanyheck", "published": "2012-12-02T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2012/starting-your-project-on-the-right-foot/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 232, "title": "Optimize Your Web Design Workflow", "contents": "I\u2019m not sure about you, but I still favour using Photoshop to create my designs for the web. I agree that this application, even with its never-ending feature set, is not the perfect environment to design websites in. The ideal application doesn\u2019t exist yet, however, so until it does it\u2019s maybe not such a bad idea to investigate ways to optimize our workflow.\n\nWhy use Photoshop?\n\nIt will probably not come as a surprise if I say that Photoshop and Illustrator are the applications that I know best and feel most comfortable and creative in. Some people prefer Fireworks for web design. Even though I understand people\u2019s motivations, I still prefer Photoshop personally. On the occasions that I gave Fireworks a try, I ended up just using the application to export my images as slices, or to prepare a dummy for the client. For some reason, I\u2019ve never been able to find my way in that app. There were always certain things missing that could only be done in either Photoshop or Illustrator, which bothered me.\n\nWhy not start in the browser?\n\nThese days, with CSS3 styling emerging, there are people who find it more efficient to design in the browser. I agree that at a certain point, once the basic design is all set and defined, you can jump right into the code and go from there. But the actual creative part, at least for me, needs to be done in an application such as Photoshop.\n\nAs a designer I need to be able to create and experiment with shapes on the fly, draw things, move them around, change colours, gradients, effects, and so on. I can\u2019t see me doing this with code. I\u2019m sure if I switch to markup too quickly, I might end up with a rather boxy and less interesting design. Once I start playing with markup, I leave my typical \u2018design zone\u2019. My brain starts thinking differently \u2013 more rational and practical, if you know what I mean; I start to structure and analyse how to mark up my design in the most efficient semantic way. When I design, I tend to let that go for a bit. I think more freely and not so much about the limitations, as it might hinder my creativity. Now that you know my motivations to stick with Photoshop for the time being, let\u2019s see how we can optimize this beast.\n\nOptimize your Photoshop workspace\n\nIn Photoshop CS5 you have a few default workspace options to choose from which can be found at the top right in the Application Bar (Window\u2009>\u2009Application Bar).\n\n\n\nYou can set up your panels and palettes the way you want, starting from the \u2018Design\u2019 workspace option, and save this workspace for future web work. Here is how I have set up things for when I work on a website design:\n\n\n\nI have the layers palette open, and I keep the other palettes collapsed. Sometimes, when space permits, I open them all. For designers who work both on print and web, I think it\u2019s worthwhile to save a workspace for both, or for when you\u2019re doing photo retouching.\n\nSet up a grid\n\nWhen you work a lot with Shape Layers like I do, it\u2019s really helpful to enable the Grid (View\u2009>\u2009Show\u2009>\u2009Grid) in combination with Snap to Grid (View\u2009>\u2009Snap To\u2009>\u2009Grid). This way, your vector-based work will be pixel-sharp, as it will always snap to the grid, and so you don\u2019t end up with blurry borders.\n\n\n\nTo set up your preferred grid, go to Preferences\u2009>\u2009Guides, Grids and Slices. A good setting is to use \u2018Gridline Every 10 pixels\u2019 and \u2018Subdivision 10\u2019. You can switch it on and off at any time using the shortcut Cmd/Ctrl + \u2019.\n\n\n\nIt might also help to turn on Smart Guides (View\u2009>\u2009Show\u2009>\u2009Smart Guides).\n\nAnother important tip for making sure your Shape Layer boxes and other shapes are perfectly aligned to the pixel grid when you draw them is to enable Snap to Pixels. This option can be enabled in the Application bar in the Geometry options dropdown menu when you select one of the shape tools from the toolbox.\n\n\n\nUse Shape Layers\n\nTo keep your design as flexible as possible, it\u2019s a good thing to use Shape Layers wherever you can as they are scalable. I use them when I design for the iPhone. All my icons, buttons, backgrounds, illustrative graphics \u2013 they are all either Smart Objects placed from Illustrator, or Shape Layers. This way, the design is scalable for the retina display.\n\n\n\nUse Smart Objects\n\nAmong the things I like a lot in Photoshop are Smart Objects. Smart Objects preserve an image\u2019s source content with all its original characteristics, enabling you to perform non-destructive editing to the layer. For me, this is the ideal way of making my design flexible.\n\n\n\nFor example, a lot of elements are created in Illustrator and are purely vector-based. Placing these elements in Photoshop as Smart Objects (via copy and paste, or dragging from Illustrator into Photoshop) will keep them vector-based and scalable at all times without loss of quality.\n\n\n\nAnother way you could use Smart Objects is whenever you have repeating elements; for example, if you have a stream or list of repeating items. You could, for instance, create one, two or three different items (for the sake of randomness), make each one a Smart Object, and repeat them to create the list. Then, when you have to update, you need only change the Smart Object, and the update will be automatically applied in all its linked instances.\n\nTurning photos into Smart Objects before you resize them is also worth considering \u2013 you never know when you\u2019ll need that same photo just a bit bigger. It keeps things more flexible, as you leave room to resize the image at a later stage. I use this in combination with the Smart Filters a lot, as it gives me such great flexibility.\n\n\n\nI usually use Smart Objects as well for the main sections of a web page, which are repeated across different pages of a site. So, for elements such as the header, footer and sidebar, it can be handy for bigger projects that are constantly evolving, where you have to create a lot of different pages in Photoshop.\n\nYou could save a template page that has the main sections set up as Smart Objects, always in their latest version. Each time you need to create new page, you can start from that template file. If you need to update an existing page because the footer (or sidebar, or header) has been updated, you can drag the updated Smart Object into this page. Although, do I wish Photoshop made it possible to have Smart Objects live as separate files, which are then linked to my different pages. Then, whenever I update the Smart Object, the pages are automatically updated next time I open the file. This is how linked files work in InDesign and Illustrator when you place a external image.\n\nUse Layer Comps\n\nIn some situations, using Layer Comps can come in handy. I try to use them when the design consists of different states; for example, if there are hidden and show states of certain content, such as when content is shown after clicking a certain button. It can be useful to create a Layer Comp for each state. So, when you switch between the two Layer Comps, you\u2019re switching between the two states.\n\n\n\nIt\u2019s OK to move or hide content in each of these states, as well as apply different layer styles. I find this particularly useful when I need to save separate JPEG versions of each state to show to the client, instead of going over all the eye icons in the layers palette to turn the layers\u2019 visibility on or off.\n\n\n\nCreate a set of custom colour swatches\n\nI tend to use a distinct colour Swatches palette for each project I work on, by saving a separate Swatches palette in project\u2019s folder (as an .ase file). You can do this through the palette\u2019s dropdown menu, choosing Save Swatches for Exchange.\n\n\n\nSelecting this option gives you the flexibility to load this palette in other Adobe applications like Illustrator, InDesign or Fireworks. This way, you have the colours of any particular project at hand. I name each colour, using the hexadecimal values.\n\n\n\nLoading, saving or changing the view of the Swatches palette can be done via the palette\u2019s dropdown menu. My preferred view is \u2018Small List\u2019 so I can see the hexadecimal values or other info I have added in the description.\n\nI do wish Photoshop had the option of loading several different Styles palettes, so I could have two or more of them open at the same time, but each as a separate palette. This would be handy whenever I switch to another project, as I\u2019m usually working on more than one project in a day. At the moment, you can only add a set of colours to the palette that is already open, which is frustrating and inefficient if you need to update the palette of a project separately.\n\nCreate a set of custom Styles\n\nJust like saving a Swatches palette, I also always save the styles I apply in the Styles palette as a separate Styles file in the project\u2019s folder when I work on a website design or design for iPhone/iPad. During the design process, I can save it each time styles are added. Again, though, it would be great if we could have different Styles palettes open at the same time.\n\n\n\nUse a scratch file\n\nWhat I also find particularly timesaving, when working on a large project, is using some kind of scratch file. By that, I mean a file that has elements in place that you reuse a lot in the general design. Think of buttons, icons and so on, that you need in every page or screen design. This is great for both web design work and iPad/iPhone work. \n\n\n\nUse the slice tool\n\nThis might not be something you think of at first, because you probably associate this way of working with \u2018old-school\u2019 table-based techniques. Still, you can apply your slice any way you want, keeping your way of working in mind. Just think about it for a second. If you use the slice tool, and you give each slice its proper filename, you don\u2019t have to worry about it when you need to do updates on the slice or image. Photoshop will remember what the image of that slice is called and which \u2018Save for Web\u2019 export settings you\u2019ve used for it. You can also export multiple slices all at once, or export only the ones you need using \u2018Save selected slices\u2019.\n\n\n\nI hope this list of optimization tips was useful, and that they will help you improve and enjoy your time in Photoshop. That is, until the ultimate web design application makes its appearance. Somebody is building this as we speak, right?", "year": "2010", "author": "Veerle Pieters", "author_slug": "veerlepieters", "published": "2010-12-10T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/optimize-your-web-design-workflow/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 41, "title": "What Is Vagrant and Why Should I Care?", "contents": "If you run a web server, a database server and your scripting language(s) of choice on your main machine and you have not yet switched to using virtualisation in your workflow then this essay may be of some value to you.\n\nI know you exist because I bump into you daily: freelancers coming in to work on our projects; internet friends complaining about reinstalling a development environment because of an operating system upgrade; fellow agency owners who struggle to brief external help when getting a particular project up and running; or even hardcore back-end developers who \u201cdon\u2019t do ops\u201d and prefer to run their development stack of choice locally.\n\nThere are many perfectly reasonable arguments as to why you may not have already made the switch, from being simply too busy, all the way through to a distrust of the new. I\u2019ll admit that there are many new technologies or workflows that I hear of daily and instantly disregard because I have tool overload, that feeling I get when I hear about a new shiny thing and think \u201cWell, what I do now works \u2013 I\u2019ll leave it for others to play with.\u201d If that\u2019s you when it comes to Vagrant then I hope you\u2019ll hear me out. The business case is compelling enough for you to make that switch; as a bonus it\u2019s also really easy to get going.\n\nIn this article we\u2019ll start off by going through the high level, the tools available and how it all fits together. Then we\u2019ll touch on the justification for making the switch, providing a few use cases that might resonate with you. Finally, I\u2019ll provide a very simple example that you can follow to get yourself up and running.\n\nWhat?\n\nYou already know what virtualisation is. You use the ability to run an operating system within another operating system every day. Whether that\u2019s Parallels or VMware on your laptop or similar server-based tools that drive the \u2018cloud\u2019, squeezing lots of machines on to physical hardware and making it really easy to copy servers and even clusters of servers from one place to another. It\u2019s an amazing technology which has changed the face of the internet over the past fifteen years.\n\nSimply put, Vagrant makes it really easy to work with virtual machines. According to the Vagrant docs:\n\n\n\tIf you\u2019re a designer, Vagrant will automatically set everything up that is required for that web app in order for you to focus on doing what you do best: design. Once a developer configures Vagrant, you don\u2019t need to worry about how to get that app running ever again. No more bothering other developers to help you fix your environment so you can test designs. Just check out the code, vagrant up, and start designing.\n\n\nWhile I\u2019m not sure I agree with the implication that all designers would get others to do the configuring, I think you\u2019ll agree that the \u201cJust check out the code\u2026 and start designing\u201d premise is very compelling.\n\nYou don\u2019t need Vagrant to develop your web applications on virtual machines. All you need is a virtualisation software package, something like VMware Workstation or VirtualBox, and some code. Download the half-gigabyte operating system image that you want and install it. Then download and configure the stack you\u2019ll be working with: let\u2019s say Apache, MySQL, PHP. Then install some libraries, CuRL and ImageMagick maybe, and finally configure the ability to easily copy files from your machine to the new virtual one, something like Samba, or install an FTP server. Once this is all done, copy the code over, import the database, configure Apache\u2019s virtual host, restart and cross your fingers.\n\nIf you\u2019re a bit weird like me then the above is pretty easy to do and secretly quite fun. Indeed, the amount of traffic to one of my more popular blog posts proves that a lot of people have been building themselves development servers from scratch for some time (or at least trying to anyway), whether that\u2019s on virtual or physical hardware.\n\nOr you could use Vagrant. It allows you, or someone else, to specify in plain text how the machine\u2019s virtual hardware should be configured and what should be installed on it. It also makes it insanely easy to get the code on the server. You check out your project, type vagrant up and start work.\n\nWhy?\n\nIt\u2019s worth labouring the point that Vagrant makes it really easy; I mean look-no-tangle-of-wires-or-using-vim-and-loads-of-annoying-command-line-stuff easy to run a development environment.\n\nThat\u2019s all well and good, I hear you say, but there\u2019s a steep learning curve, an overhead to switch. You\u2019re busy and this all sounds great but you need to get on; you\u2019ve got a career to build or a business to run and you don\u2019t have time to learn new stuff right now.\n\nIn short, what\u2019s the business case?\n\nThe business case involves saved time, a very low barrier to entry and the ability to give the exact same environment to somebody else.\n\nGetting your first development virtual machine running will take minutes, not counting download time. Seriously, use pre-built Vagrant files and provisioners (we\u2019ll touch on this below) and you can start developing immediately.\n\nOnce you\u2019ve finished developing you can check in your changes, ask a colleague or freelancer to check them out, and then they run the code on the exact same machine \u2013 even if they are on the other side of the world and regardless of whether they are on Windows, Linux or Apple OS X.\n\nThe configuration to build the machine isn\u2019t a huge binary disk image that\u2019ll take ages to download from Git; it\u2019s two small text files that can be version controlled too, so you can see any changes made to the config and roll back if needed.\n\nNo more \u2018It works for me\u2019 reports; no \u2018Oh, I was using PHP 5.3.3, not PHP 5.3.11\u2019 \u2013 you\u2019re both working on exact same copies of the development environment. With a tested and verified provisioning file you\u2019ll have the confidence that when you brief your next freelancer in to your team there won\u2019t be that painful to and fro of getting the system up and running, where you\u2019re on a Skype call and they are uttering the immortal words, \u2018It still doesn\u2019t work\u2019. You know it works because you can run it too.\n\nThis portability becomes even more important when you\u2019re working on larger sites and systems. Need a load balancer? Multiple front-end servers and a clustered database back-end? No problem. Add each server into the same Vagrant file and a single command will build all of them. As you\u2019ll know if you work on larger, business critical systems, keeping the operating systems in sync is a real problem: one server with a slightly different library causing sporadic and hard to trace issues is a genuine time black hole. Well, the good news is that you can use the same provisioning files to keep test and production machines in sync using your current build workflow.\n\nLet\u2019s also not forget the most simple use case: a single developer with multiple websites running on a single machine. If that\u2019s you and you switch to using Vagrant-managed virtual machines then the next time you upgrade your operating system or do a fresh install there\u2019s no chance that things will all stop working. The server config is all tucked away in version control with your code. Just pull it down and carry on coding.\n\nOK, got it. Show me already\n\nIf you want to try this out you\u2019ll need to install the latest VirtualBox and Vagrant for your platform. If you already have VMware Workstation or another supported virtualisation package installed you can use that instead but you may need to tweak my Vagrant file below. Depending on your operating system, a reboot might also be wise.\n\nNote: the commands below were executed on my MacBook, but should also work on Windows and Linux. If you\u2019re using Windows make sure to run the command prompt as Administrator or it\u2019ll fall over when trying to update the hosts file.\n\nAs a quick sanity check let\u2019s just make sure that we have the vagrant command in our path, so fire up a terminal and check the version number:\n\n$ vagrant -v\nVagrant 1.6.5\n\nWe\u2019ve one final thing to install and that\u2019s the vagrant-hostsupdater plugin. Once again, in your terminal:\n\n$ vagrant plugin install vagrant-hostsupdater\nInstalling the 'vagrant-hostsupdater' plugin. This can take a few minutes...\nInstalled the plugin 'vagrant-hostsupdater (0.0.11)'!\n\nHopefully that wasn\u2019t too painful for you.\n\nThere are two things that you need to manage a virtual machine with Vagrant:\n\n\n\ta Vagrant file: this tells Vagrant what hardware to spin up\n\ta provisioning file: this tells Vagrant what to do on the machine\n\n\nTo save you copying and pasting I\u2019ve supplied you with a simple example (ZIP) containing both of these. Unzip it somewhere sensible and in your terminal make sure you are inside the Vagrant folder:\n\n$ cd where/you/placed/it/24ways\n\n$ ls -l\n-rw-r--r--@  1 bealers  staff  11055  9 Nov 09:16 bealers-24ways.md\n-rw-r--r--@  1 bealers  staff  118152 9 Nov 10:08 it-works.png\ndrwxr-xr-x   5 bealers  staff  170    8 Nov 22:54 vagrant\n\n$ cd vagrant/\n\n$ ls -l\n-rw-r--r--@ 1 bealers  staff  1661  8 Nov 21:50 Vagrantfile\n-rwxr-xr-x@ 1 bealers  staff  3841  9 Nov 08:00 provision.sh\n\nThe Vagrant file tells Vagrant how to configure the virtual hardware of your development machine. Skipping over some of the finer details, here\u2019s what\u2019s in that Vagrant file:\n\nwww.vm.box = \"ubuntu/trusty64\"  \n\nUse Ubuntu 14.04 for the VM\u2019s OS. Vagrant will only download this once. If another project uses the same OS, Vagrant will use a cached version.\n\nwww.vm.hostname = \"bealers-24ways.dev\"     \n\nSet the machine\u2019s hostname. If, like us, you\u2019re using the vagrant-hostsupdater plugin, this will also get added to your hosts file, pointing to the virtual machine\u2019s IP address.\n\nwww.vm.provider :virtualbox do |vb|\n    vb.customize [\"modifyvm\", :id, \"--cpus\", \"2\" ]\nend\n\nHere\u2019s an example of configuring the virtual machine\u2019s hardware on the fly. In this case we want two virtual processors.\n\nNote: this is specific for the VirtualBox provider, but you could also have a section for VMware or other supported virtualisation software.\n\nwww.vm.network \"private_network\", ip: \"192.168.13.37\"   \n\nThis specifies that we want a private networking link between your computer and the virtual machine. It\u2019s probably best to use a reserved private subnet like 192.168.0.0/16 or 10.0.0.0/8\n\nwww.vm.synced_folder \"../\", \"/var/www/24ways\",\n        owner: \"www-data\", group: \"www-data\"\n\nA particularly handy bit of Vagrant magic. This maps your local 24ways parent folder to /var/www/24ways on the virtual machine. This means the virtual machine already has direct access to your code and so do you. There\u2019s no messy copying or synchronisation \u2013 just edit your files and immediately run them on the server.\n\nwww.vm.provision :shell, :path => \"provision.sh\"\n\nThis is where we specify the provisioner, the script that will be executed on the machine.\n\nIf you open up the provisioner you\u2019ll see it\u2019s a bash script that does things like:\n\n\n\tinstall Apache, PHP, MySQL and related libraries\n\tconfigure the libraries: set permissions, enable logging\n\tcreate a database and grant some access rights\n\tset up some code for us to develop on; in this case, fire up a vanilla WordPress installation\n\n\nTo get this all up and running you simply need to run Vagrant from within the vagrant folder:\n\n$ vagrant up\n\nYou should now get a Matrix-like stream of stuff shooting up the screen. If this is the first time Vagrant has used this particular operating system image \u2013 remember we\u2019ve specified the latest version of Ubuntu \u2013 it\u2019ll download the disc image and cache it for future reuse. Then all the packages are downloaded and installed and finally all our configuration steps occur incluing the download and configuration of WordPress.\n\nHalfway through proceedings it\u2019s likely that the process will halt at a prompt something like this:\n\n==> www: adding to (/etc/hosts) : 192.168.13.37  bealers-24ways.dev  # VAGRANT: 2dbfbced1b1e79d2a0942728a0a57ece (www) / 899bd80d-4251-4f6f-91a0-d30f2d9918cc\nPassword:\n\nYou need to enter your password to give vagrant sudo rights to add the IP address and hostname mapping to your local hosts file.\n\nOnce finished, fire up your browser and go to http://bealers-24ways.dev. You should see a default WordPress installation. The username for wp-admin is admin and the password is 24ways.\n\n\n\nIf you take a look at your local filesystem the 24ways folder should now look like:\n\n$ cd ../\n\n$ ls -l\n\n-rw-r--r--@  1 bealers  staff    13074  9 Nov 10:14 bealers-24ways.md\ndrwxr-xr-x  21 bealers  staff      714  9 Nov 10:06 code\ndrwxr-xr-x   3 bealers  staff      102  9 Nov 10:06 etc\n-rw-r--r--@  1 bealers  staff   118152  9 Nov 10:08 it-works.png\ndrwxr-xr-x   5 bealers  staff      170  9 Nov 10:03 vagrant\n-rwxr-xr-x   1 bealers  staff  1315849  9 Nov 10:06 wp-cli\n\n$ cd vagrant/\n\n$ ls -l\n-rw-r--r--@ 1 bealers  staff  1661  9 Nov 09:41 Vagrantfile\n-rwxr-xr-x@ 1 bealers  staff  3836  9 Nov 10:06 provision.sh\n\nThe code folder contains all the WordPress files. You can edit these directly and refresh that page to see your changes instantly.\n\nStaying in the vagrant folder, we\u2019ll now SSH to the machine and have a quick poke around.\n\n$ vagrant ssh\nWelcome to Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.13.0-39-generic x86_64)\n\n* Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/\n\nSystem information as of Sun Nov  9 10:03:38 UTC 2014\n\nSystem load:  1.35              Processes:           102\nUsage of /:   2.7% of 39.34GB   Users logged in:     0\nMemory usage: 16%               IP address for eth0: 10.0.2.15\nSwap usage:   0%\n\nGraph this data and manage this system at:\nhttps://landscape.canonical.com/\n\nGet cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:\nhttp://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud\n\n0 packages can be updated.\n0 updates are security updates.\n\nvagrant@bealers-24ways:~$\n\nYou\u2019re now logged in as the Vagrant user; if you want to become root this is easy:\n\nvagrant@bealers-24ways:~$ sudo su -\nroot@bealers-24ways:~# \n\nOr you could become the webserver user, which is a good idea if you\u2019re editing the web files directly on the server:\n\nroot@bealers-24ways:~# su - www-data\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~$\n\nwww-data\u2019s home directory is /var/www so we should be able to see our magically mapped files:\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~$ ls -l\ntotal 4\ndrwxr-xr-x 1 www-data www-data  306 Nov  9 10:09 24ways\ndrwxr-xr-x 2 root     root     4096 Nov  9 10:05 html\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~$ cd 24ways/\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~/24ways$ ls -l\ntotal 1420\n-rw-r--r-- 1 www-data www-data   13682 Nov  9 10:19 bealers-24ways.md\ndrwxr-xr-x 1 www-data www-data     714 Nov  9 10:06 code\ndrwxr-xr-x 1 www-data www-data     102 Nov  9 10:06 etc\n-rw-r--r-- 1 www-data www-data  118152 Nov  9 10:08 it-works.png\ndrwxr-xr-x 1 www-data www-data     170 Nov  9 10:03 vagrant\n-rwxr-xr-x 1 www-data www-data 1315849 Nov  9 10:06 wp-cli\n\nWe can also see some of our bespoke configurations:\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~/24ways$ cat /etc/php5/mods-available/siftware.ini \nupload_max_filesize = 15M\nlog_errors = On\ndisplay_errors = On\ndisplay_startup_errors = On\nerror_log = /var/log/apache2/php.log\nmemory_limit = 1024M\ndate.timezone = Europe/London\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~/24ways$ ls -l /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/\ntotal 0\nlrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Nov  9 10:06 bealers-24ways.dev.conf -> /var/www/24ways/etc/bealers-24ways.dev.conf\n\nIf you want to leave the server, simply type Ctrl+D a few times and you\u2019ll be back where you started.\n\nwww-data@bealers-24ways:~/24ways$ logout\nroot@bealers-24ways:~# logout\nvagrant@bealers-24ways:~$ logout\nConnection to 127.0.0.1 closed.\n$ \n\nYou can now halt the machine:\n\n$ vagrant halt\n==> www: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...\n==> www: Removing hosts\n\nBonus level\n\nThe example I\u2019ve provided isn\u2019t very realistic. In the real world I\u2019d expect the Vagrant file and provisioner to be included with the project and for it not to create the directory structure, which should already exist in your project. The same goes for the Apache VirtualHost file. You\u2019ll also probably have a default SQL script to populate the database.\n\nAs you work with Vagrant you might start to find bash provisioning to be quite limiting, especially if you are working on larger projects which use more than one server. In that case I would suggest you take a look at Ansible, Puppet or Chef. We use Ansible because we like YAML but they all do the same sort of thing. The main benefit is being able to use the same Vagrant provisioning scripts to also provision test, staging and production environments using your build workflows.\n\nHaving to supply a password so the hosts file can be updated gets annoying very quicky so you can give Vagrant sudo rights:\n\n$ sudo visudo\n\nAdd these lines to the bottom (Shift+G then i then Ctrl+V then Esc then :wq)\n\nCmnd_Alias VAGRANT_HOSTS_ADD = /bin/sh -c echo \"*\" >> /etc/hosts\nCmnd_Alias VAGRANT_HOSTS_REMOVE = /usr/bin/sed -i -e /*/ d /etc/hosts\n%staff ALL=(root) NOPASSWD: VAGRANT_HOSTS_ADD, VAGRANT_HOSTS_REMOVE\n\nVagrant caches the operating system images that you download but it\u2019ll download the installed software packages every time. You can get around this by using a plugin like vagrant-cachier or, if you\u2019re really keen, maintain local Apt repositories (or whatever the equivalent is for your server architecture).\n\nAt some point you might start getting a large number of virtual machines running on your poor hardware all at the same time, especially if you\u2019re switching between projects a lot and each of those projects use lots of servers. We\u2019re just getting to that stage now, so are considering a medium-term move to a containerised option like Docker, which seems to be maturing now.\n\nIf you are keen not to use any command line tools whatsoever and you\u2019re on OS X then you could check out Vagrant Manager as it looks quite shiny.\n\nFinally, there are a huge amount of resources to give you pre-built Vagrant machines from the likes of VVV for Wordpress, something similar for Perch, PuPHPet for generating various configurations, and a long list of pre-built operating systems at VagrantBox.es.\n\nWrapping up\n\nHopefully you can now see why it might be worthwhile to add Vagrant to your development workflow. Whether you\u2019re an agency drafting in freelancers or a one-person band running lots of sites on your laptop using MAMP or something similar.\n\nVagrant makes it easy to launch exact copies of the same machine in a repeatable and version controlled way. The learning curve isn\u2019t too steep and, once configured, you can forget about it and focus on getting your work done.", "year": "2014", "author": "Darren Beale", "author_slug": "darrenbeale", "published": "2014-12-05T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/what-is-vagrant-and-why-should-i-care/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 304, "title": "Five Lessons From My First 18 Months as a Dev", "contents": "I recently moved from Sydney to London to start a dream job with Twitter as a software engineer. A software engineer! Who would have thought.\nHaving started my career as a journalist, the title \u2018engineer\u2019 is very strange to me. The notion of writing in first person is also very strange. Journalists are taught to be objective, invisible, to keep yourself out of the story. And here I am writing about myself on a public platform. Cringe.\nSince I started learning to code I\u2019ve often felt compelled to write about my experience. I want to share my excitement and struggles with the world! But as a junior I\u2019ve been held back by thoughts like \u2018whatever you have to say won\u2019t be technical enough\u2019, \u2018any time spent writing a blog would be better spent writing code\u2019, \u2018blogging is narcissistic\u2019, etc.\u00a0\nWell, I\u2019ve been told that your thirties are the years where you stop caring so much about what other people think. And I\u2019m almost 30. So here goes!\nThese are five key lessons from my first year and a half in tech:\nDeployments should delight, not dread \n\nLesson #1: Making your deployment process as simple as possible is worth the investment.\n\nIn my first dev job, I dreaded deployments. We would deploy every Sunday night at 8pm. Preparation would begin the Friday before. A nominated deployment manager would spend half a day tagging master, generating scripts, writing documentation and raising JIRAs. The only fun part was choosing a train gif to post in HipChat: \u2018All aboard! The deployment train leaves in 3, 2, 1\u2026\u201d\n\nWhen Sunday night came around, at least one person from every squad would need to be online to conduct smoke tests. Most times, the deployments would succeed. Other times they would fail. Regardless, deployments ate into people\u2019s weekend time\u200a\u2014\u200aand they were intense. Devs would rush to have their code approved before the Friday cutoff. Deployment managers who were new to the process would fear making a mistake.\u00a0\nThe team knew deployments were a problem. They were constantly striving to improve them. And what I\u2019ve learnt from Twitter is that when they do, their lives will be bliss.\nTweetDeck\u2019s deployment process fills me with joy and delight. It\u2019s quick, easy and stress free. In fact, it\u2019s so easy I deployed code on my first day in the job! Anyone can deploy, at any time of day, with a single command. Rollbacks are just as simple. There\u2019s no rush to make the deployment train. No manual preparation. No fuss. Value\u200a\u2014\u200awhether in the form of big new features, simple UI improvements or even production bug fixes\u200a\u2014\u200acan be shipped in an instant. The team assures me the process wasn\u2019t always like this. They invested lots of time in making their deployments better. And it\u2019s clearly paid off.\nCode reviews need love, time and acceptance \n\nLesson #2: Code reviews are a three-way gift. Every time I review someone else\u2019s code, I help them, the team and myself.\n\nCode reviews were another pain point in my previous job. And to be honest, I was part of the problem. I would raise code reviews that were far too big. They would take days, sometimes weeks, to get merged. One of my reviews had 96 comments! I would rarely review other people\u2019s code because I felt too junior, like my review didn\u2019t carry any weight.\u00a0\nThe review process itself was also tiring, and was often raised in retrospectives as being slow. In order for code to be merged it needed to have ticks of approval from two developers and a third tick from a peer tester. It was the responsibility of the author to assign the reviewers and tester. It was felt that if it was left to team members to assign themselves to reviews, the \u201csomeone else will do it\u201d mentality would kick in, and nothing would get done.\nAt TweetDeck, no-one is specifically assigned to reviews. Instead, when a review is raised, the entire team is notified. Without fail, someone will jump on it. Reviews are seen as blocking. They\u2019re seen to be equally, if not more important, than your own work. I haven\u2019t seen a review sit for longer than a few hours without comments.\u00a0\nWe also don\u2019t work on branches. We push single commits for review, which are then merged to master. This forces the team to work in small, incremental changes. If a review is too big, or if it\u2019s going to take up more than an hour of someone\u2019s time, it will be sent back.\nWhat I\u2019ve learnt so far at Twitter is that code reviews must be small. They must take priority. And they must be a team effort. Being a new starter is no \u201cget out of jail free card\u201d. In fact, it\u2019s even more of a reason to be reviewing code. Reviews are a great way to learn, get across the product and see different programming styles. If you\u2019re like me, and find code reviews daunting,  ask to pair with a senior until you feel more confident. I recently paired with my mentor at Twitter and found it really helpful.\nGet friendly with feature flagging \n\nLesson #3: Feature flagging gives you complete control over how you build and release a project.\n\nSay you\u2019re implementing a new feature. It\u2019s going to take a few weeks to complete. You\u2019ll complete the feature in small, incremental changes. At what point do these changes get merged to master? At what point do they get deployed? Do you start at the back end and finish with the UI, so the user won\u2019t see the changes until they\u2019re ready? With feature flagging\u200a\u2014\u200ait doesn\u2019t matter. In fact, with feature flagging, by the time you are ready to release your feature, it\u2019s already deployed, sitting happily in master with the rest of your codebase.\u00a0\nA feature flag is a boolean value that gets wrapped around the code relating to the thing you\u2019re working on. The code will only be executed if the value is true.\nif (TD.decider.get(\u2018new_feature\u2019)) {\n    //code for new feature goes here\n}\nIn my first dev job, I deployed a navigation link to the feature I\u2019d been working on, making it visible in the product, even though the feature wasn\u2019t ready. \u201cWhy didn\u2019t you use a feature flag?\u201d a senior dev asked me. An honest response would have been: \u201cBecause they\u2019re confusing to implement and I don\u2019t understand the benefits of using them.\u201d The fix had to wait until the next deployment.\nThe best thing about feature flagging at TweetDeck is that there is no need to deploy to turn on or off a feature. We set the status of the feature via an interface called Deckcider, and the code makes regular API requests to get the status.\u00a0\nAt TweetDeck we are also able to roll our features out progressively. The first rollout might be to a staging environment. Then to employees only. Then to 10 per cent of users, 20 per cent, 30 per cent, and so on. A gradual rollout allows you to monitor for bugs and unexpected behaviour, before releasing the feature to the entire user base.\nSometimes a piece of work requires changes to existing business logic. So the code might look more like this:\nif (TD.decider.get(\u2018change_to_existing_feature\u2019)) {\n    //new logic goes here\n} else {\n    //old logic goes here\n}\nThis seems messy, right? Riddling your code with if else statements to determine which path of logic should be executed, or which version of the UI should be displayed. But at Twitter, this is embraced. You can always clean up the code once a feature is turned on. This isn\u2019t essential, though. At least not in the early days. When a cheeky bug is discovered, having the flag in place allows the feature to be very quickly turned off again. \nLet data and experimentation drive development \n\nLesson #4: Use data to determine the direction of your product and measure its success.\n\nThe first company I worked for placed a huge amount of emphasis on data-driven decision making. If we had an idea, or if we wanted to make a change, we were encouraged to \u201cbring data\u201d to show why it was necessary. \u201cWithout data, you\u2019re just another person with an opinion,\u201d the chief data scientist would say. This attitude helped to ensure we were building the right things for our customers. Instead of just plucking a new feature out of thin air, it was chosen based on data that reflected its need.\nBut how do you design that feature? How do you know that the design you choose will have the desired impact? That\u2019s where experiments come into play.\u00a0\nAt TweetDeck we make UI changes that we hope will delight our users. But the assumptions we make about our users are often wrong. Our front-end team recently sat in a room and tried to guess which UIs from A/B tests had produced better results. Half the room guessed incorrectly every time.\nWe can\u2019t assume a change we want to make will have the impact we expect. So we run an experiment. Here\u2019s how it works. Users are placed into buckets. One bucket of users will have access to the new feature, the other won\u2019t. We hypothesise that the bucket exposed to the new feature will have better results. The beauty of running an experiment is that we\u2019ll know for sure. Instead of blindly releasing the feature to all users without knowing its impact, once the experiment has run its course, we\u2019ll have the data to make decisions accordingly.\nHire the developer, not the degree\n\nLesson #5: Testing candidates on real world problems will allow applicants from all backgrounds to shine.\n\nSurely, a company like Twitter would give their applicants insanely difficult code tests, and the toughest technical questions, that only the cleverest CS graduates could pass, I told myself when applying for the job. Lucky for me, this wasn\u2019t the case. The process was insanely difficult\u2014don\u2019t get me wrong\u2014but the team at TweetDeck gave me real world problems to solve.\nThe first code test involved bug fixes, performance and testing. The second involved DOM traversal and manipulation. Instead of being put on the spot in a room with a whiteboard and pen I was given a task, access to the internet, and time to work on it. Similarly, in my technical interviews, I was asked to pair program on real world problems that I was likely to face on the job.\nIn one of my phone screenings I was told Twitter wanted to increase diversity in its teams. Not just gender diversity, but also diversity of experience and background. Six months later, with a bunch of new hires, team lead Tom Ashworth says TweetDeck has the most diverse team it\u2019s ever had. \u201cWe designed an interview process that gave us a way to simulate the actual job,\u201d he said. \u201cIt\u2019s not about testing whether you learnt an algorithm in school.\u201d\nIs this lowering the bar? No. The bar is whether a candidate has the ability to solve problems they are likely to face on the job. I recently spoke to a longstanding Atlassian engineer who said they hadn\u2019t seen an algorithm in their seven years at the company.\nThese days, only about 50 per cent of developers have computer science degrees. The majority of developers are self taught, learn on the job or via online courses. If you want to increase diversity in your engineering team, ensure your interview process isn\u2019t excluding these people.", "year": "2016", "author": "Amy Simmons", "author_slug": "amysimmons", "published": "2016-12-20T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2016/my-first-18-months-as-a-dev/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 45, "title": "Is Agile Harder for Agencies?", "contents": "I once sat in a pitch meeting and watched a new business exec tell a potential client that his agency followed an agile workflow process at all times. The potential client nodded wisely, and they both agreed that agile was indeed the way to go.\n\nThe meeting progressed and they signed off on a contract for a massive project, to be delivered in a standard waterfall fashion, with all manner of phases and key deliverables.\n\nOf course both of them left the meeting perfectly happy, because neither of them knew nor cared what an agile workflow process might be.\n\nThat was about five years ago. As 2015 heaves into view I think it\u2019s fair to say that attitudes have changed. Perhaps the same number of people claim to do Agile\u2122 now as in 2010, but I think more of them are telling the truth.\n\nAs a developer in an agency that works primarily with larger organisations, this year I have started to see a shift from agencies pushing agile methodologies with their clients, to clients requesting and even demanding agile practices from their agencies. Only a couple of years ago this would have been unusual behaviour.\n\nSo what\u2019s the problem?\n\nWe should be happy then, no? Those of us in agencies will get to spend more time delivering great products, and less time arguing over out-of-date functional specs or battling through an adversarial change management procedure because somebody had a good idea during development rather than planning. We get to be a little bit more like our brothers and sisters in vaunted teams like the Government Digital Service, which is using agile approaches to great effect on projects that have a real benefit to their users.\n\nAlmost. Unfortunately, it seems to be the case that adhering to an agile framework such as scrum is more difficult within an agency/client structure than it is for an in-house development team.\n\nThis is no surprise. The Agile Manifesto was written in 2001 by a group of software developers for their own use. Many of the underlying principles of a framework like Scrum assume the existence of an in-house team, working on a highly technical project, and working for the business that employs them. The agency/client model must to some extent be retrofitted into agile frameworks. It can be done though, and there are plenty of agencies out there doing it well.\n\nThis article isn\u2019t meant to be another introduction to agile techniques \u2013 there are too many of those online already. This article is for people just dipping their toes into this way of working. I\u2019ve laid out a few of the key reasons why adopting a more fully agile approach seems difficult, at least initially, for those of us working in agencies.\n\n1. Agile asks more of your clients\n\nWhen a team adopts Scrum everyone has to get used to a number of unfamiliar roles and rituals. Few team members have a steeper learning curve than the person designated as the product owner.\n\nThe product owner carries a lot of weight on their shoulders. They have to uphold the overall vision for the project. They are also meant to be the primary author of the project\u2019s user stories (short atomic descriptions of project features which are testable and relate to a real business need). They should own this list of stories (called a backlog) and should be able to prioritise the order in which the stories are developed, to ensure that the project is delivering real value to the business early and often.\n\nWhen a burst of work is completed (bursts of work in Scrum are called sprints), the product owner leads a review or show-and-tell session with the wider project stakeholders. The product owner needs to understand the work that has been completed, and must champion it to the business. Finally, and most importantly, the product owner is responsible for managing the feedback and requests from stakeholders in such a way that they don\u2019t derail the project team\u2019s agreed workload for any given sprint, without upsetting or offending any of the stakeholders \u2013 some of whom may outrank the product owner.\n\nIf you follow that spec, this is a job for a superhuman in any organisational context. And within the agency/client structure this superhuman needs to be client-side for the process to be at its most effective.\n\nSo your client, who in the past might have briefed a project to an agency team and then had the work presented back to them every few weeks, is now asked to be involved with the team on a daily basis; to fight on behalf of the team when new or difficult requests come in from senior figures within their organisation; and to present the agency\u2019s work to their own colleagues after each sprint. It\u2019s a big change if all that gets dropped into someone\u2019s lap without warning.\n\nThere are several ways agencies can mitigate this issue. The ScrumAlliance suggests some alternative ways to structure the product owner role. The approach I have taken in the past is simply to start slow, and gradually move more of the product owner role over to the client side as and when they feel comfortable with it. If you\u2019re working together long-term on a project, and you both see tangible improvements in the quality of the work after adopting an agile process, then your client is more likely to be open to further changes as the partnership progresses.\n\n2. My client wants fixed costs, fixed deadlines and a fixed scope\n\nI know. Mine too. Of course they do \u2013 it is the way that agencies and clients have agreed to work in digital and other creative service industries for a very long time. On both sides of the fence we\u2019re used to thinking about projects in this way.\n\nOf the three, fixing scope is the one that agile purists would rail hardest against. The more time we spend working on digital projects, the less sense it makes. James Archer, CEO of UI/UX design agency Forty puts it like this:\n\n\n\tFor me, the Agile approach is really about acknowledging that disturbing truth that every project manager knows, but has trouble admitting. The truth that the project plan is wrong. Scope creep. Change orders. Shifting priorities. New directions. We act shocked and appalled when those things happen during our carefully planned project, even though they happen on every project ever.\n\n\nSuccessful relationships require trust and honesty, and we shouldn\u2019t be afraid of discussing this aspect of project management. If you do move away from a fixed scope of work, then the other two items (costs and timings) can be fixed \u2013 more or less. If you can get your clients to buy into this from a standing start then you are doing well. In fact you probably deserve a promotion. For most of us this is a continual discussion.\n\nAnyway, as soon as you\u2019ve made headway on the argument that it makes little or no sense to try and fix the scope of a digital project, you usually run into a related concern, which we\u2019ll look at next.\n\n3. Fear of uncontrolled costs\n\nWe all know that a dog is for life, not just for Christmas. At this time of year perhaps we should reiterate to everyone that digital products and services also need support and love once we have taken the decision to bring them into the world.\n\nMore organisations are realising that their investment in digital platforms should be viewed as an operational expenditure rather than a capital expenditure. But from time to time we will find ourselves working on projects for people who have a finite amount of money to invest in a product at a given point in time. When agencies start talking about these projects as rolling investments those responsible can understandably worry about their costs running out of control.\n\nThere\u2019s another factor at play here. Agile, on the whole, prefers to derive a cost for services from the hours a team spends working on a project. In other industries this is referred to as charging for time and materials, and there seems to be an ingrained distrust in this approach among people in general. See, for example, the Citizens Advice Bureau\u2019s \u201cTop tips for employing a builder\u201d:\n\n\n\t\u201cBear in mind that if you pay a daily rate, this makes it easier for a builder to string the work out and get more money so agree what you will do if the job takes longer than expected.\u201d\n\n\nIt\u2019s hard not to feel stung if you are in the builder\u2019s shoes here, as we are when we\u2019re talking about our role as an agency. But if you\u2019ve ever haggled with a builder over time and materials, and also moaned about your clients misunderstanding agile methods, take a moment to reflect on the similarities from your client\u2019s point of view.\n\nAgain, there are some things we can do to mitigate this issue. Some agencies put in place a service level agreement around their team\u2019s velocity (an agile-related term related to how much work a team delivers in any given sprint) and this can help.\n\nAs the industry moves further towards a long-term approach to investment in digital I hope this fear will subside. But that shift in approach leads to the final concern I want to address.\n\n4. Agency structures need shaking up\n\nIf you work for a company that has spent many years developing a business model around the waterfall process, you may have to break through many layers of entrenched thinking in order to establish new practices and effect organisational change.\n\nThere are consultancies that exist specifically to help agencies through their own agile transformation. One of these companies, AgencyAgile, provides a helpful list of common pitfalls. They emphasise the need to look at your whole agency\u2019s structure, rather than simply encouraging project teams to adopt new workflows.\n\n\n\tEven awesomely run Agile projects can have a limited impact on the overall organization.\n\n\nIf you\u2019re serious about changing the way your company approaches projects then try talking to people who sit outside the usual project delivery team. Speak to the finance department if you have one, and try to convince your senior management team if they\u2019re not already on board. And definitely speak to your new business people, who go out there and win the projects you get to work on.\n\nIt\u2019s these people who need to understand the potential business benefits of working in a new way, and also which of their existing habits and behaviours they might need to change to accommodate a new approach.\n\nOtherwise you\u2019ll find yourself with a team of designers, developers and project managers who are ready and waiting to deliver work in an iterative and collaborative way, but by the time they get hold of the project a cost has already been agreed, a deadline has been imposed, and a functional requirements document has been painstakingly put together. Nobody wins in this situation.\n\nConclusion\n\nSo where should we go from here? I certainly don\u2019t have hard and fast answers \u2013 I\u2019m not sure that they exist in a one-size-fits-all approach for agencies.\n\nThere are plenty of smart people thinking about this problem. It\u2019s a hot topic right now. Earlier in the year a London-based meetup was established called Agile for Agencies. If you\u2019re in the capital and want to discuss these issues with your peers it\u2019s a great opportunity to do so.\n\nI\u2019ve mentioned James Archer and Forty already. Both James and Paul Boag have written in the last twelve months on this subject. They both come out on the side of the argument that suggests you adopt agile principles, but don\u2019t have to worry about the rituals if they don\u2019t fit in with your practices.\n\nPersonally, I think the rituals and the discipline mandated by an agile framework like Scrum can provide a great deal of value to your team, even it if is hard to implement within an agency culture that has traditionally structured its work and its services in another way.\n\nIn whatever way you figure out the details, when your teams collaborate with your clients rather than work for them at arm\u2019s length, and when everyone prioritises frequent delivery, reflection and iteration over exhaustive scoping and planning, I believe you\u2019ll see a tangible difference in the quality of the work that you create.", "year": "2014", "author": "Charlie Perrins", "author_slug": "charlieperrins", "published": "2014-12-12T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2014/is-agile-harder-for-agencies/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 119, "title": "Rocking Restrictions", "contents": "I love my job. I live my job. For every project I do, I try to make it look special. I\u2019ll be honest: I have a fetish for comments like \u201cI never saw anything like that!\u201d or, \u201cI wish I thought of that!\u201d. I know, I have an ego-problem. (Eleven I\u2019s already)\n\nBut sometimes, you run out of inspiration. Happens to everybody, and everybody hates it. \u201cI\u2019m the worst designer in the world.\u201d \u201cEverything I designed before this was just pure luck!\u201d No it wasn\u2019t.\n\nCountless articles about finding inspiration have already been written. Great, but they\u2019re not the magic potion you\u2019d expect them to be when you need it. Here\u2019s a list of small tips that can have immediate effect when applying them/using them. Main theme: Liberate yourself from the designers\u2019 block by restricting yourself.\n\nDo\u2019s\n\nGrids\n\nIf you aren\u2019t already using grids, you\u2019re doing something wrong. Not only are they a great help for aligning your design, they also restrict you to certain widths and heights. (For more information about grids, I suggest you read Mark Boulton\u2019s series on designing grid systems. Oh, he\u2019s also publishing a book I think.)\n\nSo what\u2019s the link between grids and restrictions? Instead of having the option to style a piece of layout with a width of 1 to 960 pixels, you have to choose from values like 60 pixels, 140, 220, 300, \u2026\n\nStart small\n\nHaving a hard time finding a style for the layout, why don\u2019t you start with one small object? No, not that small object, I meant a piece of a form, or a link, or try styling your headers (h1 \u2013 h6).\n\nLet\u2019s take a submit button of a form: it\u2019s small, but needs much attention. People will click it. People will hover it. Maybe sometimes it\u2019s disabled? Also: a button needs to look like a button, so typically it requires more styling then a regular link. Once you\u2019ve got the button, move on, following the button\u2019s style.\n\nColor palettes\n\nThere are lots of resources on the web for finding inspiration for color palettes. Some of the most famous are COLOURlovers, wear palettes and Adobe\u2019s Kuler. Browse through them (or create your own from a picture), pick a color palette you like and which works with the subject you\u2019re handling, and stick with it. 4-5 colors, maybe with some tonal variations, but that\u2019s it.\n\nFonts\n\nThere aren\u2019t many fonts available for the web (Richard Rutter has a great article on this subject), but you\u2019d be surprised how long they go. A simple text-transform: uppercase; or font-style: italic; can change a dull looking font into something entirely fresh.\n\nPlay around with the fonts you want to use and the variations you\u2019ll be using, and make a list. Pick five combinations of fonts and their variations, and stick with them throughout the layout.\n\nSingle-task\n\nMost of us use multiple monitors. They\u2019re great to increase productivity, but make it harder to focus on a single task. Here\u2019s what you do: try using only your smallest monitor. Maybe it\u2019s the one from your laptop, maybe it\u2019s an old 1024\u00d7768 you found in the attic. Having Photoshop (or Fireworks or\u2026) taking over your entire workspace blocks out all the other distractions on your screen, and works quite liberating.\n\nMute everything\u2026\n\n\u2026but not entirely. I noticed I was way more focused when I set NetNewsWire to refresh it\u2019s feeds only once every two hours. After two hours, I need a break anyway. Turning off Twitterrific was a mistake, as it\u2019s my window to the world, and it\u2019s the place where the people I like to call colleagues live. You can\u2019t exactly ask them to bring you a cup of coffee when they go to the vending machine, but they do keep you fresh, and it stops you from going human-shy. Instead I changed the settings to not play a notification sound when new Tweets arrive so it doesn\u2019t disturb me when I\u2019m zoning.\n\nDon\u2019ts\n\nCSS galleries\n\nDon\u2019t start browsing all kinds of CSS galleries. Either you\u2019ll feel bad, or you just start using elements in a way you can\u2019t call \u201cinspired\u201d anymore. Instead gather your own collection of inspiration. Example: I use LittleSnapper in which I dump everything I find inspiring. This goes from a smart layout idea, to a failed picture someone posted on Flickr. Everything is inspiring.\n\nPanicking\n\nDon\u2019t panic. It\u2019s the worst thing you could do. Instead, get away from the computer, and go to bed early. A good night of sleep combined with a hot/cold shower can give you a totally new perspective on a design. Got a deadline by tomorrow? Well, you should\u2019ve started earlier. Got a good excuse to start on this design this late? Tell your client it was either that or a bad design.\n\n120-hour work-week\n\nDon\u2019t work all day long, including evenings and early mornings. Write off that first hour, you don\u2019t really think you\u2019ll get anything productive done before 9AM?! I don\u2019t even think you should work on one and the same design all day long. If you\u2019re stuck, try working in blocks of 1 or 2 hours on a certain design. Mixing projects isn\u2019t for everyone, but it might just do the trick for you.\n\nSummary\n\n\n\tUse grids, not only for layout purposes.\n\tPick a specific element to start with.\n\tUse a colour palette.\n\tLimit the amount of fonts and variations you\u2019ll use.\n\tSearch for the smallest monitor around, and restrict yourself to that one.\n\tReduce the amount of noise.\n\tDon\u2019t start looking on the internet for inspiration. Build your own little inspirarchive.\n\tWork in blocks.", "year": "2008", "author": "Tim Van Damme", "author_slug": "timvandamme", "published": "2008-12-14T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/rocking-restrictions/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 265, "title": "Designing for Perfection", "contents": "Hello, 24 ways readers. I hope you\u2019re having a nice run up to Christmas. This holiday season I thought I\u2019d share a few things with you that have been particularly meaningful in my work over the last year or so. They may not make you wet your santa pants with new-idea-excitement, but in the context of 24 ways I think they may serve as a nice lesson and a useful seasonal reminder going into the New Year. Enjoy!\n\nStory\n\nDespite being a largely scruffy individual for most of my life, I had some interesting experiences regarding kitchen tidiness during my third year at university. \n\nAs a kid, my room had always been pretty tidy, and as a teenager I used to enjoy reordering my CDs regularly (by artist, label, colour of spine \u2013 you get the picture); but by the time I was twenty I\u2019d left most of these traits behind me, mainly due to a fear that I was turning into my mother. The one remaining anally retentive part of me that remained however, lived in the kitchen. For some reason, I couldn\u2019t let all the pots and crockery be strewn across the surfaces after cooking. I didn\u2019t care if they were washed up or not, I just needed them tidied. The surfaces needed to be continually free of grated cheese, breadcrumbs and ketchup spills. Also, the sink always needed to be clear. Always. Even a lone teabag, discarded casually into the sink hours previously, would give me what I used to refer to as \u201ckitchen rage\u201d.\n\nWhilst this behaviour didn\u2019t cause any direct conflicts, it did often create weirdness. We would be happily enjoying a few pre-night out beverages (Jack Daniels and Red Bull \u2013 nice) when I\u2019d notice the state of the kitchen following our round of customized 49p Tesco pizzas. Kitchen rage would ensue, and I\u2019d have to blitz the kitchen, which usually resulted in me having to catch everyone up at the bar afterwards.\n\nOne evening as we were just about to go out, I was stood there, in front of the shithole that was our kitchen with the intention of cleaning it all up, when a realization popped into my head. In hindsight, it was a pretty obvious one, but it went along the lines of \u201cWhat the fuck are you doing? Sort your life out\u201d. I sodded the washing up, rolled out with my friends, and had a badass evening of partying.\n\nAfter this point, whenever I got the urge to clean the kitchen, I repeated that same realization in my head. My tidy kitchen obsession strived for a level of perfection that my housemates just didn\u2019t share, so it was ultimately pointless. It didn\u2019t make me feel that good, either; it was like having a cigarette after months of restraint \u2013 initially joyous but soon slightly shameful.\n\nLesson\n\nNow, around seven years later, I\u2019m a designer on the web and my life is chaotic. It features no planning for significant events, no day-to-day routine or structure, no thought about anything remotely long-term, and I like to think I do precisely what I want. It seems my days at striving for something ordered and tidy, in most parts of my life, are long gone.\n\nFor much of my time as a designer, though, it\u2019s been a different story. I relished industry-standard terms such as \u2018pixel perfection\u2019 and \u2018polished PSDs\u2019, taking them into my stride as I strove to design everything that was put on my plate perfectly. Even down to grids and guidelines, all design elements would be painstakingly aligned to a five-pixel grid. There were no seven-pixel margins or gutters to be found in my design work, that\u2019s for sure. I put too much pride and, inadvertently, too much ego into my work. Things took too long to create, and because of the amount of effort put into the work, significant changes, based on client feedback for example, were more difficult to stomach.\n\nOver the last eighteen months I\u2019ve made a conscious effort to change the way I approach designing for the web. Working on applications has probably helped with this; they seem to have a more organic development than rigid content-based websites. Mostly though, a realization similar to my kitchen rage one came about when I had to make significant changes to a painstakingly crafted Photoshop document I had created. The changes shouldn\u2019t have been difficult or time-consuming to implement, but they were turning out to be. One day, frustrated with how long it was taking, the refrain \u201cWhat the fuck are you doing? Sort your life out\u201d again entered my head. I blazed the rest of the work, not rushing or doing scruffy work, but just not adhering to the insane levels of perfection I had previously set for myself. When the changes were presented, everything went down swimmingly. The client in this case (and I\u2019d argue most cases) cared more about the ideas than the perfect way in which they had been implemented. I had taken myself and my ego out of the creative side of the work, and it had been easier to succeed.\n\nArgument\n\nI know many other designers who work on the web share such aspirations to perfection. I think it\u2019s a common part of the designer DNA, but I\u2019m not sure it really has a place when designing for the web.\n\nFirst, there\u2019s the environment. The landscape in which we work is continually shifting and evolving. The inherent imperfection of the medium itself makes attempts to create perfect work for it redundant. Whether you consider it a positive or negative point, the products we make are never complete. They\u2019re always scaling and changing. \n\nLike many aspects of web design, this striving for perfection in our design work is a way of thinking borrowed from other design industries where it\u2019s more suited. A physical product cannot be as easily altered or developed after it has been manufactured, so the need to achieve perfection when designing is more apt.\n\nDesigners who can relate to anything I\u2019ve talked about can easily let go of that anal retentiveness if given the right reasons to do so. Striving for perfection isn\u2019t a bad thing, but I simply don\u2019t think it can be achieved in such a fast-moving, unique industry. I think design for the web works better when it begins with quick and simple, followed by iteration and polish over time. \n\nTo let go of ego and to publish something that you\u2019re not completely happy with is perhaps the most difficult part of the job for designers like us, but it\u2019s followed by a satisfaction of knowing your product is alive and breathing, whereas others (possibly even competitors) may still be sitting in Photoshop, agonizing over whether a margin should be twenty or forty pixels.\n\nI keep telling myself to stop sitting on those two hundred ideas that are all half-finished. Publish them, clean them up and iterate over time. I\u2019ve been telling myself this for months and, hopefully, writing this article will give me the kick in the arse I need. Hopefully, it will also give someone else the same kick.", "year": "2011", "author": "Greg Wood", "author_slug": "gregwood", "published": "2011-12-17T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2011/designing-for-perfection/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 302, "title": "Flexible Project Management in Inflexible Environments", "contents": "Handling unforeseen circumstances is an inevitable part of any project. It\u2019s also often the most uncomfortable, and there is no amount of skill or planning that will fully eradicate the need to adapt to change. The ability to be flexible, responsive, and unafraid of facing not only problems, but also potentially positive scope changes and new ideas, isn\u2019t an easy one to master. I am by no means saying that I have, but what I have learned is that there is often the temptation to shut out anything that might derail your plan, even sometimes at the cost of the quality you\u2019re committed to.\nThe reality is that as someone leading a project you know there will be challenges, but, in general, it\u2019s a hassle to try keep the landscape open. Problems are bridges we should cross when we come to them, but intentional changes to the plan, and adapting for the sake of improving your first idea, is harder. There are tight schedules, resource is planned miles ahead, and you\u2019re already juggling twenty other things. If you\u2019re passionate about the quality of work you deliver and are working somewhere that considers itself expert within the field of digital, then having an attitude of flexibility is extremely important. It\u2019s important when you\u2019re overcoming a challenge or problem, but it\u2019s also important for allowing ideas to evolve and be refined as much as they can be throughout the course of a project.\nWhere theory falls short\nThe premise of any Agile methodology, Scrum for example, is based around being able to work efficiently, react quickly and deliver relevant chunks of a product in manageable increments. It\u2019s often hailed as king of flexible management and it can work really well, especially for in-house software products developed over a long or even an indefinite period of time. It holds off defining scope too far ahead and lets teams focus on smaller amounts of work, and allows them to regularly reprioritise. Unfortunately though, not all environments lend themselves as easily to a fully Agile setup. Even the ones that do may be restrained from putting it fully into practice for an array of other internal reasons.\nDelivering digital services to clients\u2014within an agency setting or as a freelancer\u2014often demands a more rigid structure. You need clear sign-off points, there\u2019s a lot less flexibility in defining features, or working within budgets and timeframes. To start with, for a project to warrant a fully Agile team working on it, and especially for agencies, you need clients big enough and rich enough to justify the resource. You also need a lot of client trust to propose defining features and scope as you go. Although this is achievable\u2014and there are agencies that operate an agile setup\u2014it takes a long journey to reach that scale in the full sense of the word. Building a reputation that commands unconditional trust and reaching the point where your projects are consistently of a certain size often requires backing by long journey of success and excellence.\nSo there is a lot of room left for understanding how we can best strive to still deliver excellent projects within more constrained structures. We know that rigid waterfall planning, more often than not, falls over as soon as a project gets anything past a basic brochure site. There are many critiques of the system, but one of the main ones tends to be that nobody considers each other\u2019s work properly, which can result in very expensive and inefficient development.\nEqually, for reasons we\u2019ve already touched upon, running fully agile teams often isn\u2019t the right answer. So many companies, individuals, and organisations look for a middle-ground that balances being flexible and adaptive, but also provides enough upfront commitment to agree budgets, get client/stakeholder sign off, and effectively coordinate internal resource across multiple parallel projects.\nAlthough I don\u2019t have a perfect formula\u2014and can very much assert there is no one perfect way of managing a project because every project is different to the next\u2014I\u2019ve identified a few different ways you can approach flexibility that have really helped me in running projects more smoothly within more realistic constraints.\nPlanned Flexibility\nDrawing on some of the traditional methodologies such as PRINCE2, a good starting point for aspiring to be flexible is by planning for it from the start.\nPlanning flexibility comes in a few forms. For one, you can regularly identify and log potential risks as a generally good, on-going habit over the course of the project. This essentially just involves scanning the horizon for potential blips on a regular basis (for example weekly) by consulting with your team and documenting it somewhere. It means you have a checkpoint when you sit down and make sure you\u2019re minimising what will or may catch you by surprise. A good time to do this is in a weekly catch up meeting. It\u2019s not going to fix all your problems, but it will make sure you have a head start on the ones you can see coming.\nOn the subject of team meetings, setting up recurring project events, including a weekly call, a weekly team meeting and (depending on the size of the project) I like to try also do a stand-up as often as possible. Keeping everyone involved and bought in to a project is going to help you infinitely when you need to spot a problem or manage changes to the plan. It will be the difference between your designer spotting an issue and making a mental note to \u2018tell you later\u2019, and them actually coming over to tell you directly and immediately. Despite the overhead of meetings, and looping people into stages that they aren\u2019t directly responsible for, the business benefits are chances for success are drastically increased. Planning in, and being aware of how important your team is, will help you be flexible.\nBuilding contingency (formally know as slack) into your project plan from the word go is another well-known and essential way of planning to be flexible. Your project plan will change a lot over the course of a project, but there are still the days that you estimate a job will take, and the days you should actually plan in. Most sensible management teams understand that budgets need to be agreed with this slack in mind or you will not be able to deliver a quality service. I believe that commercial awareness is one of the most valuable skills a project manager can have, but penny pinching will ruin client and team relationships, destroy buy-in and creativity, and often end you up with a much more expensive, hacky, and resented product.\nIt\u2019s not a justification to let budgets spiral out of control, but a way of thinking about the bigger picture and wider plan of the company itself. It\u2019s unlikely you want high staff turnover because everyone fell out while you were screaming money at them and they didn\u2019t feel like they could do a good job. It\u2019s also unlikely that you will be able to deliver quality products, which will win you a strong reputation and subsequently bigger and better projects. Evaluating risk factors and building in the right amount of slack from the start will give you more wriggle room when you need to adapt and react. On the flip side, also keeping an overview of the wider workload (that you\u2019re not necessarily responsible for), and knowing who to talk if resource is becoming free or needs filling, is another handy way of being able to react quickly and ensuring your management system is respected. You want pockets of backup time planned in, but you also want everyone being as productive as they can most of the time. Never run at 100% capacity: as soon as something does need to change, you\u2019re left with nowhere to move.\nTransparency\nHaving a client or stakeholder that trusts you is a really powerful aid in any regard, but especially so when you need to communicate an issue or new suggestion. Positioning yourself and your team as experts and taking the time to delve into the wider picture\u2014and the goals surrounding your client\u2019s reasons to commission the project in the first place\u2014will make you more valuable to them. Clients and stakeholders will always be different, and sometimes you will get people who are just plain difficult, but more often than not people will listen if you\u2019re willing to talk and explain things.\nAs I\u2019m sure all of us have realised at one point or another, a lot of people think they know what they want, and it\u2019s usually the wrong thing. Managing key stakeholders in your project is arguably your biggest challenge, if they are on the your side and feel like the team is genuinely working to give them something of quality and value, then they will make your job easier. It\u2019s often down to you to educate them, and to help them recognise and understand the work involved and you and your team\u2019s reasoning behind your decisions.\nBeing overly submissive or overly secretive will foster a dynamic in which they feel expected to steer the project. In this situation they may not respect the team\u2019s suggestions or may come up with some unreasonable and counterproductive ideas that are likely to hinder progress and lower morale. Getting the stakeholder on board and making them feel a part of the wider picture will make things easier. Pushing back and challenging ideas or working hard to justify something they don\u2019t quite understand will often work in your favour and protects your team. On quite a basic level it also shows you care and are invested; on another, it shows you feel confident in your expertise within your field and that is ultimately the reason they hired you.\nTaking the time to think about and be aware of this relationship, will make it easier to be flexible and handle new ideas or suggestions that pop up as the project goes along. Change doesn\u2019t need to be \u2018scope creep\u2019 if it\u2019s raised in a practical, value-orientated, and level headed discussion. There is usually a way forward for new ideas, as long as they\u2019re valuable and support the wider goals. Maybe the deadline gets pushed back, maybe you get more budget, maybe the client is happy to forgo something else. As long as there\u2019s value and reason, it shows integrity to the project and respect for its success. You can\u2019t expect for this to go smoothly without having invested in the client relationship, so it\u2019s a large point in paving the way to handling change well.\nReactive Flexibility\nFinally, if you\u2019ve been doing this for a while, you\u2019ll know by now that you can\u2019t anticipate everything. Sometimes you will have to react and change the plan under circumstances that aren\u2019t easy. When an unexpected problem first rears its head\u2014a client\u2019s casual afterthought that\u2019s threatening the scope of the project, an internal resource conflict, a junior member of staff that\u2019s not grasping the ropes quite as quickly as you\u2019d hoped\u2014you have to react quickly.\nIn his book, \u2018Pitch Anything\u2019, Oren Klaff talks about people\u2019s first reactions being processed by their \u2018crocodile brain\u2019 before they\u2019ve had a chance to refine and digest the information more intelligibly. As project managers, product owners, or scrum masters, it\u2019s natural for our immediate reactions to an unexpected problem to cause a pang of stress. But after that initial jolt you need to turn to practical solutions and start racking your brain for different ways forward. It\u2019s here you need to remember to not let your imagination get the better of you, especially if you\u2019ve been putting in the legwork with your team and your client. There is always a way forward and moments like this can be a good opportunity to develop your negotiation and diplomacy skills. Don\u2019t let your immediate reaction be shutting the problem down; instead, take a second to think about it before you decide on the best direction. In a stressful situation, your first idea probably won\u2019t be your best one.\nFrom an internal point of view, it\u2019s very important that whatever went wrong doesn\u2019t turn into a finger pointing exercise and you don\u2019t lose your cool. Getting caught up in a blame game or a witch hunt is never productive. Relationship cultivating can sometimes be the pillar that gets you through a stressful blip. Biggest tip for staying flexible when you\u2019re reacting to a problem\u2014apart form obviously thinking of ways forward\u2014is to communicate. Don\u2019t go quiet until you feel like you have a plan, you\u2019ll often need to put everyone else at ease before you can move things forward. Problem solving is part of the job and will need to happen in even the most flexible of product delivery systems.\nIn conclusion, being flexible is never simple but there are things you can do to make your life easier. Owning a position of expertise, putting together a team that\u2019s involved in each other\u2019s work and cultivating a client/stakeholder relationship that\u2019s as transparent and respectful as possible will get you a long way. In times of crisis, believe in your skills and be open to adapting over getting frustrated.", "year": "2016", "author": "Gillian Sibthorpe", "author_slug": "gilliansibthorpe", "published": "2016-12-04T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2016/flexible-project-management/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 225, "title": "Good Ideas Grow on Paper", "contents": "Great designers have one thing in common: their design process is centred on ideas; ideas that are more often than not developed on paper. Though it\u2019s often tempting to take the path of least resistance, turning to the computer in the headlong rush to complete a project (often in the face of formidable client pressure), resist the urge and \u2013 for a truly great idea \u2013 start first on paper.\n\nThe path of least resistance is often characterised by clich\u00e9 and overused techniques \u2013 one per cent noise, border-radius, text-shadow \u2013 the usual suspects \u2013 techniques that are ten-a-penny at the gallery sites. Whilst all are useful, and technique and craft are important, great design isn\u2019t about technique alone \u2013 it\u2019s about technique in the service of good ideas.\n\nBut how do we generate those ideas?\n\nInspiration can certainly come to you out of the blue. When working as a designer in a role which often consists of incubating good ideas, however, idly waiting for the time-honoured lightbulb to appear above your head just isn\u2019t good enough. We need to establish an environment where we tip the odds of getting good ideas in our favour.\n\nSo, when faced with the blank canvas, what do we do to unlock the proverbial tidal wave of creativity? Fear not. We\u2019re about to share with you a couple of stalwart techniques that will stand you in good stead when you need that good idea, in the face of the pressure of yet another looming deadline.\n\nGet the process right\n\nWhere do ideas come from? In many cases they come from anywhere but the screen. Hence, our first commandment is to close the lid of your computer and, for a change, work on paper. It might seem strange, it might also seem like a distraction, but \u2013 trust us \u2013 the time invested here will more than pay off.\n\nIdea generation should be a process of rapid iteration, sketching and thinking aloud, all processes best undertaken in more fast paced, analogue media. Our tool of choice is the Sharpie and Flip Chart Combo\u00a9, intentionally low resolution to encourage lo-fi idea generation. In short, your tools should be designed not to be precious, but to quickly process your thoughts. Ideas can be expressed with a thick line marker or by drawing with a stick in the sand; it\u2019s the ideas that matter, not the medium.\n\nInput\u2009>\u2009Synthesise\u2009>\u2009Output\n\nIdeas don\u2019t materialise in a vacuum. Without constant input, the outputs will inevitably remain the same. As such, it\u2019s essential to maintain an inquisitive mind, ensuring a steady flow of new triggers and stimuli that enable your thinking to evolve.\n\nWhat every designer brings to the table is their prior experience and unique knowledge. It should come as no surprise to discover that a tried and tested method of increasing that knowledge is, believe it or not, to read \u2013 often and widely. The best and most nuanced ideas come after many years of priming the brain with an array of diverse material, a point made recently in Jessica Hische\u2019s aptly named Why You Should Know Your Shit.\n\nOne of the best ways of synthesising the knowledge you accumulate is to write. The act of writing facilitates your thinking and stores the pieces of the jigsaw you\u2019ll one day return to. You don\u2019t have to write a book or a well-articulated article; a scribbled note in the margin will suffice in facilitating the process of digestion.\n\nAs with writing, we implore you to make sketching an essential part of your digestion process. More immediate than writing, sketching has the power to put yet unformed ideas down on paper, giving you an insight into the fantastic conceptions you\u2019re more often than not still incubating.\n\nOur second commandment is a practical one: always carry a sketchbook and a pen. Although it seems that the very best ideas are scribbled on the back of a beer mat or a wine-stained napkin, always carrying your \u2018thinking utensils\u2019 should be as natural as not leaving the house without your phone, wallet, keys or pants.\n\nFurther, the more you use your sketchbook, the less precious you\u2019ll find yourself becoming. Sketching isn\u2019t about being an excellent draughtsman, it\u2019s about synthesising and processing your thoughts and ideas, as Jason Santa Maria summarises nicely in his article Pretty Sketchy:\n\n\n\tSketchbooks are not about being a good artist, they\u2019re about being a good thinker.\n\n\tJason Santa Maria\n\n\nThe sketchbook and pen should become your trusted tools in your task to constantly survey the world around you. As Paul Smith says, You Can Find Inspiration in Anything; close the lid, look beyond the computer; there\u2019s a whole world of inspiration out there.\n\nLearn to love old dusty buildings\n\nSo, how do you learn? How do you push beyond the predictable world pre-filtered by Mr Google? The answer lies in establishing a habit of exploring the wonderful worlds of museums and libraries, dusty old buildings that repay repeated visits.\n\nOnce the primary repositories of thought and endless sources of inspiration, these institutions are now often passed over for the quick fix of a Google search or Wikipedia by you, the designer, chained to a desk and manacled to a MacBook. Whilst others might frown, we urge you to get away from your desk and take an eye-opening stroll through the knowledge-filled corridors of yore (and don\u2019t forget to bring your sketchbook).\n\nHere you\u2019ll find ideas aplenty, ideas that will set you apart from your peers, who remain ever-reliant on the same old digital sources.\n\nThe idea generation toolbox\n\nNow that we\u2019ve established the importance of getting the process and the context right, it\u2019s time to meet the idea generation toolbox: a series of tools and techniques that can be applied singularly or in combination to solve the perennial problem of the blank canvas.\n\nThe clean sheet of paper, numbing in its emptiness, can prove an insurmountable barrier to many a project, but the route beyond it involves just a few, well-considered steps. The route to a good idea lies in widening your pool of inspiration at the project outset. Let go and generate ideas quickly; it\u2019s critical to diverge before you converge \u2013 but how do we do this and what exactly do we mean by this?\n\nThe temptation is to pull something out of your well-worn box of tricks, something that you know from experience will do the job. We urge you, however, not to fall prey to this desire. You can do better; better still, a few of you putting your minds together can do a lot better. By avoiding the path of least resistance, you can create something extraordinary.\n\nCulturally, we value logical, linear thinking. Since the days of Plato and Aristotle, critical thinking, deduction and the pursuit of truth have been rewarded. To generate creative ideas, however, we need to start thinking sideways, making connections that don\u2019t necessarily follow logically. Lateral thinking, a phrase coined by Edward de Bono in 1967, aptly describes this very process:\n\n\n\tWith logic you start out with certain ingredients, just as in playing chess you start out with given pieces \u2013 lateral thinking is concerned not with playing with the existing pieces but with seeking to change those very pieces.\n\n\tEdward de Bono\n\n\nOne of the easiest ways to start thinking laterally is to start with a mind map, a perfect tool for widening the scope of a project beyond the predictable and an ideal one for getting the context right for discovery.\n\nMaking connections\n\nMind maps can be used to generate, visualise and structure ideas. Arranged intuitively and classified around groupings, mind maps allow chance connections to be drawn across related groups of information, and are perfect for exposing alogical associations and unexpected relationships.\n\nGet a number of people together in a room, equipped with the Sharpie and Flip Chart Combo\u00a9. Give yourself a limited amount of time \u2013 half an hour should prove more than enough \u2013 and you\u2019ll be surprised at the results a few well-chosen people can generate in a very short space of time. The key is to work fast, diverge and not inhibit thinking. \n\nWe\u2019ve been embracing Tony Buzan\u2019s methods in our teaching for over a decade. His ideas on the power of radiant thinking and how this can be applied to mind maps, uncover the real power which lies in the human brain\u2019s ability to spot connections across a mapped out body of diverse knowledge.\n\nFrank Chimero wrote about this recently in How to Have an Idea, which beautifully illustrates Mr Buzan\u2019s theories, articulating the importance of the brain\u2019s ability to make abstract connections, finding unexpected pairings when a concept is mapped out on paper.\n\nOnce a topic is surveyed and a rich set of stimuli articulated, the next stage is to draw connections, pulling from opposite sides of the mind map. It\u2019s at this point, when defining alogical connections, that the truly interesting and unexpected ideas are often uncovered.\n\nThe curve ball\n\nIf you\u2019ve followed our instructions so far, all being well, you should have a number of ideas. Good news: we have one last technique to throw into the mix. We like to call it \u2018the curve ball\u2019, that last minute \u2018something\u2019 that forces you to rethink and encourages you to address a problem from a different direction.\n\nThere are a number of ways of throwing in a curve ball \u2013 a short, sharp, unexpected impetus \u2013 but we have a firm favourite we think you\u2019ll appreciate. Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt\u2019s Oblique Strategies \u2013 subtitled \u2018Over One Hundred Worthwhile Dilemmas\u2019 \u2013 are the perfect creative tool for throwing in a spot of unpredictability. As Eno and Schmidt put it:\n\n\n\tThe Oblique Strategies can be used as a pack (a set of possibilities being continuously reviewed in the mind) or by drawing a single card from the shuffled pack when a dilemma occurs in a working situation. In this case the card is trusted even if its appropriateness is quite unclear. They are not final, as new ideas will present themselves, and others will become self-evident.\n\n\tBrian Eno and Peter Schmidt\n\n\nSimply pick a card and apply the strategy to the problem at hand. The key here, as with de Bono\u2019s techniques, is to embrace randomness and provocation to inspire lateral creative approaches.\n\nTo assist this process, you might wish to consult one of the many virtual decks of Oblique Strategies online.\n\nWrapping up\n\nTo summarise, it\u2019s tempting to see the route to the fastest satisfactory conclusion in a computer when, in reality, that\u2019s the last place you should start. The tools we\u2019ve introduced, far from time-consuming, are hyper-efficient, always at hand and, if you factor them into your workflow, the key to unlocking the ideas that set the great designers apart.\n\nWe wish you well on your quest in search of the perfect idea, now armed with the knowledge that the quest begins on paper.", "year": "2010", "author": "The Standardistas", "author_slug": "thestandardistas", "published": "2010-12-13T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/good-ideas-grow-on-paper/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 97, "title": "Making Modular Layout Systems", "contents": "For all of the advantages the web has with distribution of content, I\u2019ve always lamented the handiness of the WYSIWYG design tools from the print publishing world. When I set out to redesign my personal website, I wanted to have some of the same abilities that those tools have, laying out pages how I saw fit, and that meant a flexible system for dealing with imagery. \n\nBuilding on some of the CSS that Eric Meyer employed a few years back on the A List Apart design, I created a set of classes to use together to achieve the variety I was after. Employing multiple classes isn\u2019t a new technique, but most examples aren\u2019t coming at this from strictly editorial and visual perspectives; I wanted to have options to vary my layouts depending on content.\n\nIf you want to skip ahead, you can view the example first.\n\nLaying the Foundation\n\nWe need to be able to map out our page so that we have predictable canvas, and then create a system of image sizes that work with it. For the sake of this article, let\u2019s use a simple uniform 7-column grid, consisting of seven 100px-wide columns and 10px of space between each column, though you can use any measurements you want as long as they remain constant.\n\n\nAll of our images will have a width that references the grid column widths (in our example, 100px, 210px, 320px, 430px, 540px, 650px, or 760px), but the height can be as large as needed.\n\n\nOnce we know our images will all have one of those widths, we can setup our CSS to deal with the variations in layout. In the most basic form, we\u2019re going to be dealing with three classes: one each that represent an identifier, a size, and a placement for our elements.\n\n\nThis is really a process of abstracting the important qualities of what you would do with a given image in a layout into separate classes, allowing you to quickly customize their appearance by combining the appropriate classes. Rather than trying to serve up a one-size-fits-all approach to styling, we give each class only one or two attributes and rely on the combination of classes to get us there.\n\n\nIdentifier\n\nThis specifies what kind of element we have: usually either an image (pic) or some piece of text (caption).\n\n\nSize\n\nSince we know how our grid is constructed and the potential widths of our images, we can knock out a space equal to the width of any number of columns. In our example, that value can be one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven.\n\nPlacement\n\nThis tells the element where to go. In our example we can use a class of left or right, which sets the appropriate floating rule.\n\n\nAdditions\n\nI created a few additions that be tacked on after the \u201cplacement\u201d in the class stack: solo, for a bit more space beneath images without captions, frame for images that need a border, and inset for an element that appears inside of a block of text. Outset images are my default, but you could easily switch the default concept to use inset images and create a class of outset to pull them out of the content columns.\n\n\nThe CSS\n\n/* I D E N T I F I E R */\n.pic p, .caption {\n    font-size: 11px;\n    line-height: 16px;\n    font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;\n    color: #666;\n    margin: 4px 0 10px;\n}\n/* P L A C E M E N T */\n.left {float: left; margin-right: 20px;}\n.right {float: right; margin-left: 20px;}\n.right.inset {margin: 0 120px 0 20px;} /* img floated right within text */\n.left.inset {margin-left: 230px;} /* img floated left within text */\n/* S I Z E */\n.one {width: 100px;}\n.two {width: 210px;}\n.three {width: 320px;}\n.four {width: 430px;}\n.five {width: 540px;}\n.six {width: 650px;}\n.seven {width: 760px;}\n.eight {width: 870px;}\n/* A D D I T I O N S */\n.frame {border: 1px solid #999;}\n.solo img {margin-bottom: 20px;}\n\nIn Use\n\nYou can already see how powerful this approach can be. If you want an image and a caption on the left to stretch over half of the page, you would use:\n\n<div class=\"pic four left\">\n\t<img src=\"image.jpg\" />\n\t<p>Caption goes here.</p>\n</div>\n\nOr, for that same image with a border and no caption:\n\n<img src=\"image.jpg\" class=\"pic four left frame solo\"/>\n\nYou just tack on the classes that contain the qualities you need. And because we\u2019ve kept each class so simple, we can apply these same stylings to other elements too:\n\n<p class=\"caption two left\">Caption goes here.</p>\n\nCaveats\n\nObviously there are some potential semantic hang-ups with these methods. While classes like pic and caption stem the tide a bit, others like left and right are tougher to justify. This is something that you have to decide for yourself; I\u2019m fine with the occasional four or left class because I think there\u2019s a good tradeoff. Just as a fully semantic solution to this problem would likely be imperfect, this solution is imperfect from the other side of the semantic fence. Additionally, IE6 doesn\u2019t understand the chain of classes within a CSS selector (like .right.inset). If you need to support IE6, you may have to write a few more CSS rules to accommodate any discrepancies.\n\nOpportunities\n\nThis is clearly a simple example, but starting with a modular foundation like this leaves the door open for opportunity. We\u2019ve created a highly flexible and human-readable system for layout manipulation. Obviously, this is something that would need to be tailored to the spacing and sizes of your site, but the systematic approach is very powerful, especially for editorial websites whose articles might have lots of images of varying sizes. It may not get us fully to the flexibility of WYSIWYG print layouts, but methods like this point us in a direction of designs that can adapt to the needs of the content.\n\n\nView the example: without grid and with grid.", "year": "2008", "author": "Jason Santa Maria", "author_slug": "jasonsantamaria", "published": "2008-12-15T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/making-modular-layout-systems/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 123, "title": "Fast and Simple Usability Testing", "contents": "Everyone knows by now that they should test the usability of their applications, but still hardly anybody actually does it. In this article I\u2019ll share some tips I\u2019ve picked up for doing usability tests quickly and effectively.\n\nRelatively recent tools like Django and Ruby on Rails allow us to develop projects faster and to make significant changes later in the project timeline. Usability testing methods should now be adapted to fit this modern approach to development.\n\nWhen to test\n\nIn an ideal world usability tests would be carried out frequently from an early stage of the project. Time and budget constraints lead this to be impractical; usability is often the first thing to get dropped from the project plan.\n\nIf you can only test at one stage in the project, whatever the size, the most valuable time is before your first public beta \u2014 leaving long enough to fix issues and not so late that you can\u2019t rethink your scope.\n\nThere are three main categories of usability test:\n\n\n\tTesting design mockups\n\tTesting a new working application\n\tTesting established applications\n\n\nEach category requires a slightly different approach. For small modern web projects you are most likely to be testing a new working application. You will of course have already done functional tests so you won\u2019t be worried about the user breaking things. The main differences between the categories apply in how you word The Script.\n\nTesting an established application is the most fun in my opinion. Humans are remarkably adaptable and rapidly develop coping strategies to work around usability issues in software they are forced to use. Uncovering these strategies may lead you to understand previously unspoken needs of your users. Often small changes to the application will have a dramatic affect on their everyday lives.\n\nWho to test\n\nWhen you have built a project to scratch your own itch, your intended audience will be people just like you. Test subjects in this case should be easy to find \u2013 friends, co-workers etc.\n\nThis is not always the case; your users may not be like you at all. When they are not, it\u2019s all the more important to run usability tests. Testing on friends, family and co-workers is better than not doing usability tests at all, but it can\u2019t be compared to testing on actual samples of your intended audience. People who would use the system will provide more genuine feedback and deeper insight.\n\nNever let your test subjects put themselves in the shoes of your \u2018actual\u2019 users. For example, you should discourage comments like \u201cWell, I would do this BUT if I was a bus driver I\u2019d do that\u201d. Users are not qualified to put themselves in the position of others. Inaccurate data is often worse than no data.\n\nAim for five or six test subjects: any more and you probably won\u2019t learn anything new; any less and you\u2019re likely to be overwhelmed by issues stemming from people\u2019s individual personalities.\n\nThe Script\n\nThe Script is a single side of A4 (or letter) paper, consisting of questions for your testers and reminders for yourself. Have a balance of task-based questions and expectation analysis. This helps maintain consistency across tests. Expectation analysis is more important for testing designs and new applications: \u201cWhere would you find X?\u201d, \u201cWhat would you expect to happen if you clicked on Y?\u201d. In an established system users will probably know where these things are though it can still be illuminating to ask these questions though phrased slightly differently.\n\nTask-based questions involve providing a task for the user to complete. If you are testing an established system it is a good idea to ask users to bring in tasks that they would normally perform. This is because the user will be more invested in the outcome of the task and will behave in a more realistic fashion. When designing tasks for new systems and designs ensure you only provide loose task details for the same reason. Don\u2019t tell testers to enter \u201cChantelle\u201d; have them use their own name instead. Avoid introducing bias with the way questions are phrased.\n\nIt\u2019s a good idea to ask for users\u2019 first impressions at the beginning of the test, especially when testing design mockups. \u201cWhat are the main elements on the page?\u201d or \u201cWhat strikes you first?\u201d.\n\nYou script should run for a maximum of 45 minutes. 30-35 minutes is better; after this you are likely to lose their attention. Tests on established systems can take longer as there is more to learn from them. When scheduling the test you will need to leave yourself 5 minutes between each one to collate your notes and prepare for the next. Be sure to run through the script beforehand.\n\nYour script should be flexible. It is possible that during the test a trend will come to light that opens up whole new avenues of possible questioning. For example, during one initial test of an established system I noticed that the test subject had been printing off items from the application and placing them in a folder in date order (the system ordered alphabetically). I changed the script to ask future participants in that run, if they ever used external tools to help them with tasks within the system. This revealed a number of interesting issues that otherwise would not have been found.\n\nRunning the tests\n\nTreat your test subjects like hedgehogs. Depending on your target audience they probably feel a little nervous and perhaps even scared of you. So make them a little nest out of straw, stroke their prickles and give them some cat food. Alternatively, reassure them that you are testing the system and that they can\u2019t give a wrong answer. Reward them with a doughnut or jam tart at the end. Try to ensure the test environment is relaxed and quiet, but also as close as possible to the situation where they would actually use the system.\n\nHave your subjects talk out loud is very important as you can\u2019t read their minds, but it is a very unnatural process. To loosen up your subjects and get them talking in the way you want them to, try the Stapler Trick. Give them a stapler or similar item and ask them to open it, take the staples out, replace them, shut the stapler and staple some paper \u2013 talking all the time about what they see, what they expect to happen, what actually happens and how that matches up. Make them laugh at you.\n\nSay how long the test will take up front, and tell your subject why you are doing it. After the test has been completed, conclude by thanking them for their time and assuring them that they were very useful. Then give them the sugary treat.\n\nWhat to look for\n\nPrimarily, you should look out for incidents where the user stops concentrating on her tasks and starts thinking about the tool and how she is going to use it. For example, when you are hammering in a nail you don\u2019t think about how to use a hammer; good software should be the same. Words like \u2018it\u2019 and \u2018the system\u2019 and are good indications that the test subject has stopped thinking about the task in hand. Note questioning words, especially where testers question their own judgement, \u201cwhy can\u2019t I find \u2026\u201d, \u201cI expected to see \u2026\u201d etc. as this indicates that the work flow for the task may have broken down.\n\nAlso keep an eye on occasions where the user completely fails to do a task. They may need some prompting to unstick them, but you should be careful not to bias the test. These should be the highest priority issues for you to fix. If users recover from getting stuck, make a note of how they recovered. Prolonged periods of silence from the test subject may also require prompting as they should be talking all the time. Ask them what they are thinking or looking for but avoid words like \u2018try\u2019 (e.g. \u2018what are you trying to do?\u2019) as this implies that they are currently failing.\n\nBe wary of users\u2019 opinions on aesthetics and be prepared to bring them back to the script if they get side-tracked.\n\nWriting it up\n\nEven if you are the only developer it\u2019s important to summarise the key issues that emerged during testing: your notes won\u2019t make much sense to you a week or so after the test.\n\nIf you are writing for other people, include a summary no longer than two pages; this can consist of a list or table of the issues including recommendations and their priorities. Remember to anonymise the users in the report. In team situations, you may be surprised at how many people are interested in the results of the usability test even if it doesn\u2019t relate directly to something that they can fix.\n\nTo conclude\u2026\n\nSome usability testing is better than none at all, even for small projects or those with strict deadlines. Make the most of the time and resources available. Choose your users carefully, make them comfortable, summarise your report and don\u2019t forget to leave a doughnut for yourself!", "year": "2006", "author": "Natalie Downe", "author_slug": "nataliedowne", "published": "2006-12-16T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2006/fast-and-simple-usability-testing/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 62, "title": "Being Customer Supportive", "contents": "Every day in customer support is an inbox, a Twitter feed, or a software forum full of new questions. Each is brimming with your customers looking for advice, reassurance, or fixes for their software problems. Each one is an opportunity to take a break from wrestling with your own troublesome tasks and assist someone else in solving theirs.\nSometimes the questions are straightforward and can be answered in a few minutes with a short greeting, a link to a help page, or a prewritten bit of text you use regularly: how to print a receipt, reset a password, or even, sadly, close your account.\nMore often, a support email requires you to spend some time unpacking the question, asking for more information, and writing a detailed personal response, tailored to help that particular user on this particular day.\nHere I offer a few of my own guidelines on how to make today\u2019s email the best support experience for both me and my customer. And even if you don\u2019t consider what you do to be customer support, you might still find the suggestions useful for the next time you need to communicate with a client, to solve a software problem with teammates, or even reach out and ask for help yourself.\n(All the examples appearing in this article are fictional. Any resemblance to quotes from real, software-using persons is entirely coincidental. Except for the bit about Star Wars. That happened.)\nWho\u2019s TAHT girl\nI\u2019ll be honest: I briefly tried making these recommendations into a clever mnemonic like FAST (facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time) or PAD (pressure, antiseptic, dressing). But instead, you get TAHT: tone, ask, help, thank. Ah, well.\nAs I work through each message in my support queue, I\n\nlisten to the tone of the email\nask clarifying questions\nbring in extra help as needed\nand thank the customer when the problem is solved.\n\nLet\u2019s open an email and get started!\nLeave your message at the sound of the tone\nWith our enthusiasm for emoji, it can be very hard to infer someone\u2019s tone from plain text. How much time have you spent pondering why your friend responded with \u201cThanks.\u201d instead of \u201cThanks!\u201d? I mean, why didn\u2019t she :grin: or :wink: too?\nOur support customers, however, are often direct about how they\u2019re feeling:\n\nI\u2019m working against a deadline. Need this fixed ASAP!!!!\nThis hasn\u2019t worked in a week and I am getting really frustrated.\nI\u2019ve done this ten times before and it\u2019s always worked. I must be missing something simple.\n\nThey want us to understand the urgency of this from their point of view, just as much as we want to help them in a timely manner. How this information is conveyed gives us an instant sense of whether they are frustrated, angry, or confused\u2014and, just as importantly, how frustrated-angry-confused they are. \nListen to this tone before you start writing your reply. Here are two ways I might open an email:\n\n\u201cI\u2019m sorry that you ran into trouble with this.\u201d\n\u201cSorry you ran into trouble with this!\u201d\n\nThe content is largely the same, but the tone is markedly different. The first version is a serious, staid reaction to the problem the customer is having; the second version is more relaxed, but no less sincere.\nMatching the tone to the sender\u2019s is an important first step. Overusing exclamation points or dropping in too-casual language may further upset someone who is already having a crummy time with your product. But to a cheerful user, a formal reply or an impersonal form response can be off-putting, and damage a good relationship.\nWhen in doubt, I err on the side of being too formal, rather than sending a reply that may be read as flip or insincere. But whichever you choose, matching your correspondent\u2019s tone will make for a more comfortable conversation.\nCatch the ball and throw it back\nOnce you\u2019ve got that tone on lock, it\u2019s time to tackle the question at hand. Let\u2019s see what our customer needs help with today:\n\nI tried everything in the troubleshooting page but I can\u2019t get it to work again. I am on a Mac. Please help.\n\nHmm, not much information here. Now, if I got this short email after helping five other people with the same problem on Mac OS X, I would be sorely tempted to send this customer that common solution in my first reply. I\u2019ve found it\u2019s important to resist the urge to assume this sixth person needs the same answer as the other five, though: there isn\u2019t enough to connect this email to the ones that came before hers. \nInstead, ask a few questions to start. Invest some time to see if there are other symptoms in common, like so:\n\nI\u2019m sorry that you ran into trouble with this! I\u2019ll need a little more information to see what\u2019s happening here.\n[questions]\nThank you for your help.\n\nThose questions are customized for the customer\u2019s issue as much as possible, and can be fairly wide-ranging. They may include asking for log files, getting some screenshots, or simply checking the browser and operating system version she\u2019s using. I\u2019ll ask anything that might make a connection to the previous cases I\u2019ve answered\u2014or, just as importantly, confirm that there isn\u2019t a connection. What\u2019s more, a few well-placed questions may save us both from pursuing the wrong path and building additional frustration. \n(A note on that closing: \u201cThank you for your help\u201d\u2013I often end an email this way when I\u2019ve asked for a significant amount of follow up information. After all, I\u2019m imposing on my customer\u2019s time to run any number of tests. It\u2019s a necessary step, but I feel that thanking them is a nice acknowledgment we\u2019re in this together.)\nHaving said that, though, let\u2019s bring tone back into the mix:\n\nI tried everything in the troubleshooting but I can\u2019t get it to work again. I am on a Mac. I\u2019m working against a deadline. Need this fixed ASAP!!!!\n\nThis customer wants answers now. I\u2019ll still ask for more details, but would consider including the solution to the previous problem in my initial reply as well. (But only if doing so can\u2019t make the situation worse!)\n\nI\u2019m sorry that you ran into trouble with this! I\u2019ll need a little more information to see what\u2019s happening here.\n[questions]\nIf you\u2019d like to try something in the meantime, delete the file named xyz.txt. (If this isn\u2019t the cause of the problem, deleting the file won\u2019t hurt anything.)  Here\u2019s how to find that file on your computer:\n[steps]\nLet me know how it goes!\n\nIn the best case, the suggestion works and the customer is on her way. If it doesn\u2019t solve the problem, you will get more information in answer to your questions and can explore other options. And you\u2019ve given the customer an opportunity to be involved in fixing the issue, and some new tools which might come in handy again in the future.\nBring in help\nThe support software I use counts how many emails the customer and I have exchanged, and reports it in a summary line in my inbox. It\u2019s an easy, passive reminder of how long the customer and I have been working together on a problem, especially first thing in the morning when I\u2019m reacquainting myself with my open support cases.\nThree is the smallest number I\u2019ll see there: the customer sends the initial question (1 email); I reply with an answer (2 emails); the customer confirms the problem is solved (3 emails). But the most complicated, stickiest tickets climb into double-digit replies, and anything that stretches beyond a dozen is worthy of a cheer in Slack when we finally get to the root of the problem and get it fixed.\nWhile an extra round of questions and answers will nudge that number higher, it gives me the chance to feel out the technical comfort level of the person I\u2019m helping. If I ask the customer to send some screenshots or log files and he isn\u2019t sure how to do that, I will use that information to adjust my instructions on next steps. I may still ask him to try running a traceroute on his computer, but I\u2019ll break down the steps into a concise, numbered list, and attach screenshots of each step to illustrate it.\nIf the issue at hand is getting complicated, take note if the customer starts to feel out of their depth technically\u2014either because they tell you so directly or because you sense a shift in tone. If that happens, propose bringing some outside help into the conversation:\n\nDo you have a network firewall or do you use any antivirus software? One of those might be blocking a connection that the software needs to work properly; here\u2019s a list of the required connections [link]. If you have an IT department in-house, they should be able to help confirm that none of those are being blocked.\n\nor:\n\nThis error message means you don\u2019t have permission to install the software on your own computer. Is there a systems administrator in the office that may be able to help with this?  \n\nFor email-based support cases, I\u2019ll even offer to add someone from their IT department to the thread, so we can discuss the problem together rather than have the customer relay questions and answers back and forth.\nSimilarly, there are occasionally times when my way of describing things doesn\u2019t fit how the customer understands them. Rather than bang our heads against our keyboards, I will ask one of my support colleagues to join the conversation from our side, and see if he can explain things more clearly than I\u2019ve been able to do.\nWe appreciate your business. Please call again\nAnd then, o frabjous day, you get your reward: the reply which says the problem has been solved. \n\nThat worked!! Thank you so much for saving my day!\nI wish I could send you some cookies!\nIf you were here, I would give you my tickets to Star Wars.\n[Reply is an animated gif.]\n\nSometimes the reply is a bit more understated:\n\nThat fixed it. Thanks.\n\nWhether the customer is elated, satisfied, or frankly happy to be done with emailing support, I like to close longer email threads or short, complicated issues with a final thanks and reminder that we\u2019re here to help: \n\nThank you for the update; I\u2019m glad to hear that solved the problem for you! I hope everything goes smoothly for you now, but feel free to email us again if you run into any other questions or problems. Best,\n\nThen mark that support case closed, and move on to the next question. Because even with the most thoughtfully designed software product, there will always be customers with questions for your capable support team to answer.\nTone, ask, help, thank\nSo there you have it: TAHT. Pay attention to tone; ask questions; bring in help; thank your customer.\n(Lack of) catchy mnemonics aside, good customer support is about listening, paying attention, and taking care in your replies. I think it can be summed up beautifully by this quote from Pamela Marie (as tweeted by Chris Coyier):\n\nGolden rule asking a question: imagine trying to answer it \nGolden rule in answering: imagine getting your answer \n\nYou and your teammates are applying a variation of this golden rule in every email you write. You\u2019re the software ambassadors to your customers and clients. You get the brunt of the problems and complaints, but you also get to help fix them. You write the apologies, but you also have the chance to make each person\u2019s experience with your company or product a little bit better for next time.\nI hope that your holidays are merry and bright, and may all your support inboxes be light.", "year": "2015", "author": "Elizabeth Galle", "author_slug": "elizabethgalle", "published": "2015-12-02T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2015/being-customer-supportive/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 112, "title": "User Styling", "contents": "During the recent US elections, Twitter decided to add an \u2018election bar\u2019 as part of their site design. You could close it if it annoyed you, but the action wasn\u2019t persistent and the bar would always come back like a bad penny. \n\nThe solution to common browsing problems like this is CSS. \u2018User styling\u2019 (or the creepy \u2018skinning\u2019) is the creation of CSS rules to customise and personalise a particular domain. Aside from hiding adverts and other annoyances, there are many reasons for taking the time and effort to do it:\n\n\n\tImproving personal readability by changing text size and colour\n\tPersonalising the look of a web app like GMail to look less insipid\n\tRevealing microformats\n\tSport! My dreams of site skinning tennis are not yet fully realised, but it\u2019ll be all the rage by next Christmas, believe me.\n\n\nHopefully you\u2019re now asking \u201cBut how? HOW?!\u201d. The process of creating a site skin is roughly as follows:\n\n\n\tSee something you want to change\n\tFind out what it\u2019s called, and if any rules already apply to it\n\tWrite CSS rule(s) to override and/or enhance it.\n\tApply the rules\n\n\nSo let\u2019s get stuck in\u2026\n\nSee something\n\nLet\u2019s start small with Multimap.com. Look at that big header \u2013 it takes up an awful lot of screen space doesn\u2019t it? \n\n\n\nNo matter, we can fix it.\n\nTools\n\nNow we need to find out where that big assed header is in the DOM, and make overriding CSS rules. The best tool  I\u2019ve found yet is the Mac OS X app, CSS Edit. It utilises a slick \u2018override stylesheets\u2019 function and DOM Inspector. Rather than give you all the usual DOM inspection tools, CSS Edit\u2019s is solely concerned with style.  Go into \u2018X-Ray\u2019 mode, click an element, and look at the inspector window to see every style rule governing it. Click the selector to be taken to where it lives in the CSS. It really is a user styling dream app.\n\n\n\nHaving said all that, you can achieve all this with free, cross platform  tools \u2013 namely Firefox with the Firebug and Stylish extensions. We\u2019ll be using them for these examples, so make sure you have them installed if you want to follow along.\n\n\n\nUsing Firebug, we can see that the page is very helpfully marked up, and that whole top area is simply a div with an ID of header. \n\nChange Something\n\nWhen you installed Stylish, it added a page and brush icon to your status bar. Click on that, and choose Write Style > for Multimap.com. The other options allow you to only create a style for a particular part of a website or URL, but we want this to apply to the whole of Multimap:\n\n\n\nThe \u2018Add Style\u2019 window then pops up, with the @-moz-document query at the top:\n\n@namespace url(http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml);\n@-moz-document domain(\"multimap.com\") {\n}\n\nAll you need to do is add the CSS to hide the header, in between the curly brackets.\n\n@namespace url(http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml);\n@-moz-document domain(\"multimap.com\") {\n        #header {display: none;} \n}\n\n\n\nA click of the preview button shows us that it\u2019s worked! Now the map appears further up the page. The ethics of hiding adverts is a discussion for another time, but let\u2019s face it, when did you last whoop at the sight of a banner?\n\nMake Something Better\n\nIf we\u2019re happy with our modifications, all we need to do is give it a name and save. Whenever you visit Multimap.com, the style will be available. Stylish also allows you to toggle a style on/off via the status bar menu. If you feel you want to share this style with the world, then userstyles.org is the place to do it. It\u2019s a grand repository of customisations that Stylish connects with. Whenever you visit a site, you can see if anyone else has written a style for it, again, via the status bar menu \u201cFind Styles for this Page\u201d. Selecting this with \u201cBBC News\u201d shows that there are plenty of options, ranging from small layout tweaks to redesigns:\n\n\n\nWhat\u2019s more, whenever a style is updated, Stylish will notify you, and offer a one-click process to update it. This does only work in Firefox and Flock, so I\u2019ll cover ways of applying site styles to other browsers later.\n\nSpecific Techniques\n\nImportant!\n\nIn the Multimap example there wasn\u2019t a display specified on that element, but it isn\u2019t always going to be that easy. You may have spent most of your CSS life being a good designer and not resorting to adding !important to give your rule priority. There\u2019s no way to avoid this in user styling \u2013 if you\u2019re overriding an existing rule it\u2019s a necessity! Be prepared to be typing !important a lot.\n\nStar Selector\n\nThe Universal Selector is a particularly useful way to start a style. For example, if we want to make Flickr use Helvetica before Arial (as they should\u2019ve done!), we can cover all occurrences with just one rule:\n\n* {font-family: \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, sans-serif !important;}\n\nYou can also use it to select \u2018everything within an element\u2019, by placing it after the element name:\n\n#content * {font-family: \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, sans-serif !important;}\n\nSwapping Images\n\nIf you\u2019re changing something a little more complex, such as Google Reader, then at some point you\u2019ll probably want to change an <img>. The technique for replacing an image involves:\n\n\n\tmaking your replacement image the background of the <img> tag\n\tadding padding top and left to the size of you image to push the \u2018top\u2019 image away\n\tmaking the height and width zero.\n\n\n\n\nThe old image is then pushed out of the way and hidden from view, allowing the replacement in the background to be revealed.  Targeting the image may require using an attribute selector:\n\nimg[src=\"/reader/ui/3544433079-tree-view-folder-open.gif\"] {\n\tpadding: 16px 0 0 16px;\n\twidth: 0 !important;\n\theight: 0 !important;\n\tbackground-image: url(data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQCAYA\nAAAf8/9hAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEgAACxIB0t1+/AAAA\nBx0RVh0U29mdHdhcmUAQWRvYmUgRmlyZXdvcmtzIENTM5jWRgMAAAAVdE\nVYdENyZWF0aW9uIFRpbWUAMjkvNi8wOJJ/BVgAAAG3SURBVDiNpZIhb5RBEIaf\n2W+vpIagIITSBIHBgsGjEYQaFLYShcITDL+ABIPnh4BFN0GQNFA4Cnf3fbszL2L3\njiuEVLDJbCazu8+8Mzsmif9ZBvDy7bvXlni0HRe8eXL/zuPzABng62J5kFKaAQS\nQgJAOgHMB9vDZq+d71689Hcyw9LfAZAYdioE10VSJo6OPL/KNvSuHD+7dhU\n0vHEsDUUWJChIlYJIjFx5BuMB2mJY/DnMoOJl/R147oBUR0QAm8LAGCOEh3IO\nULiAl8jSOy/nPetGsbGRKjktEiBCEHMlQj4loCuu4zCXCi4lUHTNDtGqEiACTqAFSI\nOgAUAKv4bkWVy2g6tAbJtGy0TNugM3HADmlurKH27dVZSecxjboXggiAsMItR\nh99wTILdewYRpXVJWtY85k7fPW8e1GpJFJacgesXs6VYYomz9G2yDhwPB7NEB\nBDAMK7WYJlisYVBCpfaJBeB+eocFyVyAgCaoMCTJSTOOCWSyILrAnaXpSexRsx\nGGAZ0AR+XT+5fjzyfwSpnUB/1w64xizVI/t6q3b+58+vJ96mWtLf9haxNoc8M\nv7N3d+AT4XPcFIxghoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC) no-repeat !important;\n}\n\nWoah boy! What was all that gubbins in the background-image? It was a Data URI, and you can create these easily with Hixie\u2019s online tool. It\u2019s simply the image translated into text so that it can be embedded in the CSS, cutting down on the number of http requests. It\u2019s also a necessity with Mozilla browsers, as they don\u2019t allow user CSS to reference images stored locally. Converting images to URI\u2019s avoids this, as well as making a style easily portable \u2013 no images folder to pass around. \n\nDon\u2019t forget all your other CSS techniques at your disposal: inserting your own content with :before and :after pseudo classes, make elements semi-transparent with opacity and round box corners without hacking . You can have fun, and for once, enjoy the freedom of not worrying about IE!\n\nUser styling without Stylish\n\nInstead of using the Stylish extension, you can add rules to the userContent.css file, or use @import in that file to load a separate stylesheet. You can find this is in /Library/Application Support/Camino/chrome/ on OS X, or C/Program Files/Mozilla Firefox/Chrome on Windows. This is only way to apply user styles in Camino, but what about other browsers?\n\nOpera & Omniweb: \n\nBoth allow you to specify a custom CSS file as part of the site\u2019s preferences. Opera also allows custom javascript, using the same syntax as Greasemonkey scripts (more on that below)\n\nSafari\n\nThere are a few options here: the PithHelmet and SafariStand haxies both allow custom stylesheets, or alternatively, a Greasemonkey style user script can employed via GreaseKit. The latter is my favoured solution on my Helvetireader theme, as it can allow for more prescriptive domain rules, just like the Mozilla @-moz-document method. User scripts are also the solution supported by the widest range of browsers.\n\nWhat now?\n\nHopefully I\u2019ve given you enough information for you to be able start making your own styles. If you want to go straight in and tackle the \u2018Holy Grail\u2019, then off with you to GMail \u2013 I get more requests to theme that than anything else!\n\nIf you\u2019re a site author and want to encourage this sort of tom foolery, a good way is to provide a unique class or ID name with the body tag:\n\n<body id=\"journal\" class=\"hicksdesign-co-uk\">\n\nThis makes it very easy to write rules that only apply to that particular site. If you wanted to use Safari without any of the haxies mentioned above, this method means you can include rules in a general CSS file (chosen via Preferences > Advanced > Stylesheet) without affecting other sites. \n\nOne final revelation on user styling \u2013 it\u2019s not just for web sites. You can tweak the UI of Firefox itself with the userChrome.css. You\u2019ll need to use the in-built DOM Inspector instead of Firebug to inspect the window chrome, instead of a page. Great if you want to make small tweaks (changing the size of tab text for example) without creating a full blown theme.", "year": "2008", "author": "Jon Hicks", "author_slug": "jonhicks", "published": "2008-12-03T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/user-styling/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 226, "title": "Documentation-Driven Design for APIs", "contents": "Documentation is like gift wrapping.  It seems like superfluous fluff, but your family tends to be rather disappointed when their presents arrive in supermarket carrier bags, so you have to feign some sort of attempt at making your gift look enticing.  Documentation doesn\u2019t have to be all hard work and sellotaping yourself to a table \u2013 you can make it useful and relevant.\n\nDocumentation gets a pretty rough deal. It tends to get left until the end of a project, when some poor developer is assigned the \u2018document project\u2019 ticket and wades through each feature of Whizzy New API 3.0 and needs to recall exactly what each method is meant to do. That\u2019s assuming any time is left for documentation at all. The more common outcome resembles last minute homework scribbled on a post-it note, where just the bare bones of what\u2019s available are put out for your users, and you hope that you\u2019ll spot the inconsistencies and mistakes before they do.\n\nWouldn\u2019t it be nicer for everyone if you could make documentation not only outstanding for your users, but also a valuable tool for your development team \u2013 so much so that you couldn\u2019t imagine writing a line of code before you\u2019d documented it?\n\nDocumentation needs to have three main features:\n\n\n\tIt should have total coverage and document all the features of your project.  Private methods should be documented for your developers, and public features need to be available to your users.\n\tIt should be consistent \u2013 a user should know what to expect from your documentation, and terminology should be accurate to your language.\n\tIt should be current \u2013 and that means staying accurate as new versions of your code base are released.\n\n\nBut you can also get these bonuses:\n\n\n\tAct as a suggested specification \u2013 a guide that will aid a developer in making something consistent and usable.\n\tIt can test your API quality.\n\tIt can enhance the communication skills within your development team.\n\n\nSo how do we get our documentation to be rich and full of features, instead of a little worn out like Boxing Day leftovers?\n\nWrite your documentation first\n\nWhen I say first, I mean first. Not after you\u2019ve started writing the code. Not even after you\u2019ve started writing your unit tests. First. You may or may not have been provided with a decent specification, but the first job should be to turn your requirements for a feature into documentation.  \n\nIt works best when it takes the form of in-code comments. It works even better when your in-code comments take a standard documentation format that you can later use to generate published documentation for your users. This has the benefit of immediately making your docs as version controlled as your code-base, and it saves having to rewrite, copy or otherwise harass your docs into something legible later on. \n\nAlmost all languages have a self-documentation format these days. My choice of format for JavaScript is JSDocToolkit, and the sort of things I look for are the ability to specify private and public methods, full options object statements (opts as Opts only is a no-no), and the ability to include good examples.\n\nSo, our example for today will be a new festive feature for a JavaScript API. We\u2019ve been asked to specify a sled for Santa to get around the world to give out toys:\n\n\n\tSanta needs to be able to travel around the world in one night to deliver toys to children, and he\u2019ll need some reindeer to pull his sled.\n\n\nAs documentation, it would look like:\n\n/**\n@name Sled\n@extends Vehicle\n@constructor\n@description Create a new sled to send Santa around the world to deliver toys to good kids.\n\t@param {Object} [opts] Options\n\t@param {number} [opts.capacity='50'] Set the capacity of the sled\n\t@param {string} [opts.pilot='santa'] The pilot of the sled.\n@example\n\t// Create a sled and specify some reindeer.\n\tnew Sled().reindeer(['Dasher', 'Dancer', 'Prancer', 'Vixen', 'Comet', 'Cupid']);\n*/\n\nBy breaking it down as documentation, you can, for example, hand this over to another developer without the need to explain the feature in much depth, and they\u2019ll develop something that has to match this piece of documentation. It specifies everything that is important to this feature \u2013 its default values and types, and where it inherits other features from.  \n\nWe know that we need to specify some way of setting reindeer to pull the sled and also some toys to give, and so we can quickly specify extra methods for the sled:\n\n/*\n@name vehicle.Sled#reindeer\n@function\n@description Set the reindeer that will pull Santa's sled.\n\t@param {string[]} reindeer A list of the reindeer.\n@example\n\t// specifying some reindeer\n\tSled().reindeer(['Dasher', 'Dancer', 'Rudolph', 'Vixen']);\n*/\n/*\n@name vehicle.Sled#toys\n@function\n@description Add a list of toys and recipients to the Sled.\n\t@param {Object[]} toys A list of toys and who will receive them.\n@example\n\t// Adding toys to the sled\n\tSled().toys([\n\t\t{name:'Brian', toy:'Fire Engine'},\n\t\t{name:'Drew', toy:'Roller-skates'},\n\t\t{name:'Anna', toy:'Play-doh'},\n\t\t...\n\t\t]);\n*/\n\nJob done! You\u2019ve got a specification to share with your team and something useful for your users in the form of full examples, and you didn\u2019t even have to open another text editor.\n\nUse your documentation to share knowledge\n\nDocumentation isn\u2019t just for users. It\u2019s also used by internal developers to explain what they\u2019ve written and how it works. This is especially valuable where the team is large or the code-base sprawling.\n\nSo, returning to our example, the next step would be to share with the rest of the team (or at least a selection of the team if yours is large) what the documentation looks like. This is useful for two main reasons:\n\n\n\tThey can see if they understand what the documentation says the feature will do. It\u2019s best if they haven\u2019t seen the requirement before. If your fellow developers can\u2019t work out what \u2018MagicMethodX\u2019 is going to return from the docs, neither can your users.\n\tThey can check that the feature accomplishes everything that they expect to, and that it\u2019s consistent with the rest of the functionality.\n\n\nOn previous projects, we\u2019ve taken to referring to this stage of the development process as the \u2018bun fight\u2019.  It\u2019s a chance for everyone to have an honest say and throw a few pies without actually causing anyone to have to rewrite any code. If you can identify at this stage that a feature is over-complicated, lacking or just plain useless, you\u2019ll all be much happier to throw out a few lines of documentation than you may have been to throw out a partial, or even complete, piece of functionality.\n\nDocumentation has your back\n\nThe final benefit to working in this way is that your documentation not only remains accurate, it\u2019s always as accurate as your latest release. It can\u2019t fall behind. You can increase the likelihood that your docs will remain up to date by unit testing your examples.\n\nReturning to the previous example, we can add a QUnit unit test to the expected output with ease during the build process \u2013 we know exactly how the code will look and, with the @example tag, we can identify easily where to find the bits that need testing. If it\u2019s tested it\u2019ll definitely work as you expect it to when a user copy and pastes it. You\u2019re ensuring quality from idea to implementation.\n\nAs an extra bauble, the best thing about a system like JSDocToolkit is that it\u2019ll take your inline comments and turn them into beautiful sites, as good systems will allow for customised output templates. You\u2019ll be producing full-featured sites for your projects and plugins with almost no extra effort, but all the benefits.", "year": "2010", "author": "Frances Berriman", "author_slug": "francesberriman", "published": "2010-12-11T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2010/documentation-driven-design-for-apis/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 107, "title": "Using Google App Engine as Your Own Content Delivery Network", "contents": "Do you remember, years ago, when hosting was expensive, domain names were the province of the rich, and you hosted your web pages on Geocities? It seems odd to me now that there was a time when each and every geek didn\u2019t have his own top-level domain and super hosting setup. But as the parts became more and more affordable a man could become an outcast if he didn\u2019t have his own slightly surreal-sounding TLD.\n\nAnd so it will be in the future when people realise with surprise there was a time before affordable content delivery networks.\n\nA content delivery network, or CDN, is a system of servers spread around the world, serving files from the nearest physical location. Instead of waiting for a file to find its way from a server farm in Silicon Valley 8,000 kilometres away, I can receive it from London, Dublin, or Paris, cutting down the time I wait. The big names \u2014 Google, Yahoo, Amazon, et al \u2014 use CDNs for their sites, but they\u2019ve always been far too expensive for us mere mortals. Until now.\n\nThere\u2019s a service out there ready for you to use as your very own CDN. You have the company\u2019s blessing, you won\u2019t need to write a line of code, and \u2014 best of all \u2014 it\u2019s free. The name? Google App Engine.\n\nIn this article you\u2019ll find out how to set up a CDN on Google App Engine. You\u2019ll get the development software running on your own computer, tell App Engine what files to serve, upload them to a web site, and give everyone round the world access to them.\n\nCreating your first Google App Engine project\n\nBefore we do anything else, you\u2019ll need to download the Google App Engine software development kit (SDK). You\u2019ll need Python 2.5 too \u2014 you won\u2019t be writing any Python code but the App Engine SDK will need it to run on your computer. If you don\u2019t have Python, App Engine will install it for you (if you use Mac OS X 10.5 or a Linux-based OS you\u2019ll have Python; if you use Windows you won\u2019t).\n\nDone that? Excellent, because that\u2019s the hardest step. The rest is plain sailing.\n\nYou\u2019ll need to choose a unique \u2018application id\u2019 \u2014 nothing more than a name \u2014 for your project. Make sure it consists only of lowercase letters and numbers. For this article I\u2019ll use 24ways2008, but you can choose anything you like.\n\nOn your computer, create a folder named after your application id. This folder can be anywhere you want: your desktop, your documents folder, or wherever you usually keep your web files. Within your new folder, create a folder called assets, and within that folder create three folders called images, css, and javascript. These three folders are the ones you\u2019ll fill with files and serve from your content delivery network. You can have other folders too, if you like.\n\nThat will leave you with a folder structure like this:\n\n24ways2008/\n\t\tassets/\n\t\t\tcss/\n\t\t\timages/\n\t\t\tjavascript/\n\nNow you need to put a few files in these folders, so we can later see our CDN in action. You can put anything you want in these folders, but for this example we\u2019ll include an HTML file, a style sheet, an image, and a Javascript library.\n\nIn the top-level folder (the one I\u2019ve called 24ways2008), create a file called index.html. Fill this with any content you want. In the assets/css folder, create a file named core.css and throw in a couple of CSS rules for good measure. In the assets/images directory save any image that takes your fancy \u2014 I\u2019ve used the silver badge from the App Engine download page. Finally, to fill the JavaScript folder, add in this jQuery library file. If you\u2019ve got the time and the inclination, you can build a page that uses all these elements.\n\nSo now we should have a set of files and folders that look something like this:\n\n24ways2008/\n\t\tassets/\n\t\t\t\tindex.html\n\t\t\t\tcss/\n\t\t\t\t\t\tcore.css\n\t\t\t\timages/\n\t\t\t\t\t\tappengine-silver-120x30.gif\n\t\t\t\tjavascript/\n\t\t\t\t\t\tjquery-1.2.6.min.js\n\nWhich leaves us with one last file to create. This is the important one: it tells App Engine what to do with your files. It\u2019s named app.yaml, it sits at the top-level (inside the folder I\u2019ve named 24ways2008), and it needs to include these lines:\n\napplication: 24ways2008\nversion: 1\nruntime: python\napi_version: 1\n\nhandlers:\n- url: /\n\tstatic_files: assets/index.html\n\tupload: assets/index.html\n\n- url: /\n\tstatic_dir: assets\n\nYou need to make sure you change 24ways2008 on the first line to whatever you chose as your application id, but otherwise the content of your app.yaml file should be identical. And with that, you\u2019ve created your first App Engine project. If you want it, you can download a zip file containing my project.\n\nTesting your project\n\nAs it stands, your project is ready to be uploaded to App Engine. But we couldn\u2019t call ourselves professionals if we didn\u2019t test it, could we? So, let\u2019s put that downloaded SDK to good use and run the project from your own computer.\n\nOne of the files you\u2019ll find App Engine installed is named dev_appserver.py, a Python script used to simulate App Engine on your computer. You\u2019ll find lots of information on how to do this in the documentation on the development web server, but it boils down to running the script like so (the space and the dot at the end are important):\n\ndev_appserver.py .\n\nYou\u2019ll need to run this from the command-line: Mac users can run the Terminal application, Linux users can run their favourite shell, and Windows users will need to run it via the Command Prompt (open the Start menu, choose \u2018Run\u2026\u2019, type \u2018cmd\u2018, and click \u2018OK\u2019). Before you run the script you\u2019ll need to make sure you\u2019re in the project folder \u2014 in my case, as I saved it to my desktop I can go there by typing \n\ncd ~/Desktop/24ways2008\n\nin my Mac\u2019s Terminal app; if you\u2019re using Windows you can type \n\ncd \"C:\\Documents and Settings\\username\\Desktop\\24ways2008\"\n\nIf that\u2019s successful, you\u2019ll see a few lines of output, the last looking something like this:\n\nINFO     2008-11-22 14:35:00,830 dev_appserver_main.py] Running application 24ways2008 on port 8080: http://localhost:8080\n\nNow you can power up your favourite browser, point it to http://localhost:8080/, and you\u2019ll see the page you saved as index.html. You\u2019ll also find your CSS file at http://localhost:8080/css/core.css. In fact, anything you put inside the assets folder in the project will be accessible from this domain. You\u2019re running our own App Engine web server!\n\nNote that no-one else will be able to see your files: localhost is a special domain that you can only see from your computer \u2014 and once you stop the development server (by pressing Control\u2013C) you\u2019ll not be able to see the files in your browser until you start it again.\n\nYou might notice a new file has turned up in your project: index.yaml. App Engine creates this file when you run the development server, and it\u2019s for internal App Engine use only. If you delete it there are no ill effects, but it will reappear when you next run the development server. If you\u2019re using version control (e.g. Subversion) there\u2019s no need to keep a copy in your repository.\n\nSo you\u2019ve tested your project and you\u2019ve seen it working on your own machine; now all you need to do is upload your project and the world will be able to see your files too.\n\nUploading your project\n\nIf you don\u2019t have a Google account, create one and then sign in to App Engine. Tell Google about your new project by clicking on the \u2018Create an Application\u2019 button. Enter your application id, give the application a name, and agree to the terms and conditions. That\u2019s it. All we need do now is upload the files.\n\nOpen your Mac OS X Terminal, Windows Command Prompt, or Linux shell window again, move to the project folder, and type (again, the space and the dot at the end are important):\n\nappcfg.py update .\n\nEnter your email address and password when prompted, and let App Engine do it\u2019s thing. It\u2019ll take no more than a few seconds, but in that time App Engine will have done the equivalent of logging in to an FTP server and copying files across. It\u2019s fairly understated, but you now have your own project up and running. You can see mine at http://24ways2008.appspot.com/, and everyone can see yours at http://your-application-id.appspot.com/. Your files are being served up over Google\u2019s content delivery network, at no cost to you!\n\nBenefits of using Google App Engine\n\nThe benefits of App Engine as a CDN are obvious: your own server doesn\u2019t suck up the bandwidth, while your visitors will appreciate a faster site. But there are also less obvious benefits.\n\nFirst, once you\u2019ve set up your site, updating it is an absolute breeze. Each time you update a file (or a batch of files) you need only run appcfg.py to see the changes appear on your site. To paraphrase Joel Spolsky, a good web site must be able to be updated in a single step. Many designers and developers can\u2019t make that claim, but with App Engine, you can.\n\nApp Engine also allows multiple people to work on one application. If you want a friend to be able to upload files to your site you can let him do so without giving him usernames and passwords \u2014 all he needs is his own Google account. App Engine also gives you a log of all actions taken by collaborators, so you can see who\u2019s made updates, and when.\n\nAnother bonus is the simple version control App Engine offers. Do you remember the file named app.yaml you created a while back? The second line looked like this:\n\nversion: 1\n\nIf you change the version number to 2 (or 3, or 4, etc), App Engine will keep a copy of the last version you uploaded. If anything goes wrong with your latest version, you can tell App Engine to revert back to that last saved version. It\u2019s no proper version control system, but it could get you out of a sticky situation.\n\nOne last thing to note: if you\u2019re not happy using your-application-id.appspot.com as your domain, App Engine will quite happily use any domain you own.\n\nThe weak points of Google App Engine\n\nIn the right circumstances, App Engine can be a real boon. I run my own site using the method I\u2019ve discussed above, and I\u2019m very happy with it. But App Engine does have its disadvantages, most notably those discussed by Aral Balkan in his post \u2018Why Google App Engine is broken and what Google must do to fix it\u2018.\n\nAral found the biggest problems while using App Engine as a web application platform; I wouldn\u2019t recommend using it as such either (at least for now) but for our purposes as a CDN for static files, it\u2019s much more worthy. Still, App Engine has two shortcomings you should be aware of.\n\nThe first is that you can\u2019t host a file larger than one megabyte. If you want to use App Engine to host that 4.3MB download for your latest-and-greatest desktop software, you\u2019re out of luck. The only solution is to stick to smaller files.\n\nThe second problem is the quota system. Google\u2019s own documentation says you\u2019re allowed 650,000 requests a day and 10,000 megabytes of bandwidth in and out (20,000 megabytes in total), which should be plenty for most sites. But people have seen sites shut down temporarily for breaching quotas \u2014 in some cases after inexplicable jumps in Google\u2019s server CPU usage. Aral, who\u2019s seen it happen to his own sites, seemed genuinely frustrated by this, and if you measure your hits in the hundreds of thousands and don\u2019t want to worry about uptime, App Engine isn\u2019t for you.\n\nThat said, for most of us, App Engine offers a fantastic resource: the ability to host files on Google\u2019s own content delivery network, at no charge.\n\nConclusion\n\nIf you\u2019ve come this far, you\u2019ve seen how to create a Google App Engine project and host your own files on Google\u2019s CDN. You\u2019ve seen the great advantages App Engine offers \u2014 an excellent content delivery network, the ability to update your site with a single command, multiple authors, simple version control, and the use of your own domain \u2014 and you\u2019ve come across some of its weaknesses \u2014 most importantly the limit on file sizes and the quota system. All that\u2019s left to do is upload those applications \u2014 but not before you\u2019ve finished your Christmas shopping.", "year": "2008", "author": "Matt Riggott", "author_slug": "mattriggott", "published": "2008-12-06T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/using-google-app-engine-as-your-own-cdn/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 205, "title": "Why Design Systems Fail", "contents": "Design systems are so hot right now, and for good reason. They promote a modular approach to building a product, and ensure organizational unity and stability via reusable code snippets and utility styles. They make prototyping a breeze, and provide a common language for both designers and developers.\nA design system is a culmination of several individual components, which can include any or all of the following (and more):\n\nStyle guide or visual pattern library\nDesign tooling (e.g. Sketch Library)\nComponent library (where the components live in code)\nCode usage guidelines and documentation\nDesign usage documentation\nVoice and tone guideline\nAnimation language guideline\n\nDesign systems are standalone (internal or external) products, and have proven to be very effective means of design-driven development. However, in order for a design system to succeed, everyone needs to get on board.\nI\u2019d like to go over a few considerations to ensure design system success and what could hinder that success.\nOrganizational Support\nPut simply, any product, including internal products, needs support. Something as cross-functional as a design system, which spans every vertical project team, needs support from the top and bottom levels of your organization. \nWhat I mean by that is that there needs to be top-level support from project managers up through VP\u2019s to see the value of a design system, to provide resources for its implementation, and advocate for its use company-wide. This is especially important in companies where such systems are being put in place on top of existing, crufty codebases, because it may mean there needs to be some time and effort put in the calendar for refactoring work.\nSupport from the bottom-up means that designers and engineers of all levels also need to support this system and feel responsibility for it. A design system is an organization\u2019s product, and everyone should feel confident contributing to it. If your design system supports external clients as well (such as contractors), they too can become valuable teammates.\nA design system needs support and love to be nurtured and to grow. It also needs investment.\nInvestment\nTo have a successful design system, you need to make a continuous effort to invest resources into it. I like to compare this to working out.\nYou can work out intensely for 3 months and see some gains, but once you stop working out, those will slowly fade away. If you continue to work out, even if its less often than the initial investment, you\u2019ll see yourself maintaining your fitness level at a much higher rate than if you stopped completely. \nIf you invest once in a design system (say, 3 months of overhauling it) but neglect to keep it up, you\u2019ll face the same situation. You\u2019ll see immediate impact, but that impact will fade as it gets out of sync with new designs and you\u2019ll end up with strange, floating bits of code that nobody is using. Your engineers will stop using it as the patterns become outdated, and then you\u2019ll find yourself in for another round of large investment (while dreading going through the process since its fallen so far out of shape).\n\nWith design systems, small incremental investments over time lead to big gains overall.\n\nWith this point, I also want to note that because of how they scale, design systems can really make a large impact across the platform, making it extremely important to really invest in things like accessibility and solid architecture from the start. You don\u2019t want to scale a brittle system that\u2019s not easy to use.\nTake care of your design systems, and keep working on them to ensure their effectiveness. One way to ensure this is to have a dedicated team working on this design system, managing tickets and styling updates that trickle out to the rest of your company.\nResponsibility\nWith some kind of team to act as an owner of a design system, whether it be the design team, engineering team, or a new team\nmade of both designers and engineers (the best option), your company is more likely to keep a relevant, up-to-date system that doesn\u2019t break.\nThis team is responsible for a few things:\n\nHelping others get set up on the system (support)\nDesigning and building components (development)\nAdvocating for overall UI consistency and adherence (evangelism)\nCreating a rollout plan and update system (product management)\n\nAs you can see, these are a lot of roles, so it helps to have multiple people on this team, at least part of the time, if you can. One thing I\u2019ve found to be effective in the past is to hold office hours for coworkers to book slots within to help them get set up and to answer any questions about using the system. Having an open Slack channel also helps for this sort of thing, as well as for bringing up bugs/issues/ideas and being an channel for announcements like new releases.\nCommunication\nOnce you have resources and a plan to invest in a design system, its really important that this person or team acts as a bridge between design and engineering. Continuous communication is really important here, and the way you communicate is even more important.\nRemember that nobody wants to be told what to do or prescribed a solution, especially developers, who are used to a lot of autonomy (usually they get to choose their own tools at work). Despite how much control the other engineers have on the process, they need to feel like they have input, and feel heard.\nThis can be challenging, especially since ultimately, some party needs to be making a final decision on direction and execution. Because it\u2019s a hard balance to strike, having open communication channels and being as transparent as possible as early as possible is a good start.\nBuy-in\nFor all of the reasons we\u2019ve just looked over, good communication is really important for getting buy-in from your users (the engineers and designers), as well as from product management.\n\nBuilding and maintaining a design system is surprisingly a lot of people-ops work.\n\nTo get buy-in where you don\u2019t have a previous concensus that this is the right direction to take, you need to make people want to use your design system. A really good way to get someone to want to use a product is to make it the path of least resistance, to show its value.\nGather examples and usage wins, because showing is much more powerful than telling.\nIf you can, have developers use your product in a low-stakes situation where it provides clear benefits. Hackathons are a great place to debut your design system. Having a hackathon internally at DigitalOcean was a perfect opportunity to:\n\nEvangelize for the design system\nSee what people were using the component library for and what they were struggling with (excellent user testing there)\nGet user feedback afterward on how to improve it in future iterations\nLet people experience the benefits of using it themselves\n\nThese kinds of moments, where people explore on their own are where you can really get people on your side and using the design system, because they can get their hands on it and draw their own conclusions (and if they don\u2019t love it \u2014 listen to them on how to improve it so that they do). We don\u2019t always get so lucky as to have this sort of instantaneous user feedback from our direct users.\nArchitecture\nI briefly mentioned the scalable nature of design systems. This is exactly why it\u2019s important to develop a solid architecture early on in the process. Build your design system with growth and scalability in mind. What happens if your company acquires a new product? What happens when it develops a new market segment? How can you make sure there\u2019s room for customization and growth?\nA few things we\u2019ve found helpful include:\nNamespacing\nUse namespacing to ensure that the system doesn\u2019t collide with existing styles if applying it to an existing codebase. This means prefixing every element in the system to indicate that this class is a part of the design system. To ensure that you don\u2019t break parts of the existing build (which may have styled base elements), you can namespace the entire system inside of a parent class. Sass makes this easy with its nested structure. \nThis kind of namespacing wouldn\u2019t be necessary per se on new projects, but it is definitely useful when integrating new and old styles.\nSemantic Versioning\nI\u2019ve used Semantic Versioning on all of the design systems I\u2019ve ever worked on. Semantic versioning uses a system of Major.Minor.Patch for any updates. You can then tag released on Github with versioned updates and ensure that someone\u2019s app won\u2019t break unintentionally when there is an update, if they are anchored to a specific version (which they should be).\nWe also use this semantic versioning as a link with our design system assets at DigitalOcean (i.e. Sketch library) to keep them in sync, with the same version number corresponding to both Sketch and code.\nOur design system is served as a node module, but is also provided as a series of built assets using our CDN for quick prototyping and one-off projects. For these built assets, we run a deploy script that automatically creates folders for each release, as well as a latest folder if someone wanted the always-up-to-date version of the design system. \nSo, semantic versioning for the system I\u2019m currently building is what links our design system node module assets, sketch library assets, and statically built file assets.\nThe reason we have so many ways of consuming our design system is to make adoption easier and to reduce friction.\nFriction\nA while ago, I posed the question of why design systems become outdated and unused, and a major conclusion I drew from the conversation was:\n\n\u201cIf it\u2019s harder for people to use than their current system, people just won\u2019t use it\u201d\n\nYou have to make your design system the path of least resistance, lowering cognitive overhead of development, not adding to it. This is vital. A design system is intended to make development much more efficient, enforce a consistent style across sites, and allow for the developer to not worry as much about small decisions like naming and HTML semantics. These are already sorted out for them, meaning they can focus on building product.\nBut if your design system is complicated and over-engineered, they may find it frustrating to use and go back to what they know, even if its not the best solution. If you\u2019re a Sass expert, and base your system on complex mixins and functions, you better hope your user (the developer) is also a Sass expert, or wants to learn. This is often not the case, however. You need to talk to your audience.\nWith the DigitalOcean design system, we provide a few options:\nOption 1\nUsers can implement the component library into a development environment and use Sass, select just the components they want to include, and extend the system using a hook-based system. This is the most performant and extensible output. Only the components that are called upon are included, and they can be easily extended using mixins.\nBut as noted earlier, not everyone wants to work this way (including Sass a dependency and potentially needing to set up a build system for it and learn a new syntax). There is also the user who just wants to throw a link onto their page and have it look nice, and thats where our versioned built assets come in.\nOption 2\nWith Option 2, users pull in links that are served via a CDN that contain JS, CSS, and our SVG icon library. The code is a bit bigger than the completely customized version, but often this isn\u2019t the aim when people are using Option 2.\nReducing friction for adoption should be a major goal of your design system rollout.\nConclusion\nHaving a design system is really beneficial to any product, especially as it grows. In order to have an effective system, it\u2019s important to primarily always keep your user in mind and garner support from your entire company. Once you have support and acceptance, this system will flourish and grow. Make sure someone is responsible for it, and make sure its built with a solid foundation from the start which will be carefully maintained toward the future. Good luck, and happy holidays!", "year": "2017", "author": "Una Kravets", "author_slug": "unakravets", "published": "2017-12-14T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2017/why-design-systems-fail/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 101, "title": "Easing The Path from Design to Development", "contents": "As a web developer, I have the pleasure of working with a lot of different designers. There has been a lot of industry discussion of late about designers and developers, focusing on how different we sometimes are and how the interface between our respective phases of a project (that is to say moving from a design phase into production) can sometimes become a battleground.\n\nI don\u2019t believe it has to be a battleground. It\u2019s actually more like being a dance partner \u2013 our steps are different, but as long as we know our own part and have a little knowledge of our partner\u2019s steps, it all goes together to form a cohesive dance. Albeit with less spandex and fewer sequins (although that may depend on the project in question).\n\nAs the process usually flows from design towards development, it\u2019s most important that designers have a little knowledge of how the site is going to be built. At the specialist web development agency I\u2019m part of, we find that designs that have been well considered from a technical perspective help to keep the project on track and on budget.\n\nBased on that experience, I\u2019ve put together my checklist of things that designers should consider before handing their work over to a developer to build.\n\nLayout\n\nOne rookie mistake made by traditionally trained designers transferring to the web is to forget a web browser is not a fixed medium. Unlike designing a magazine layout or a piece of packaging, there are lots of available options to consider. Should the layout be fluid and resize with the window, or should it be set to a fixed width? If it\u2019s fluid, which parts expand and which not? If it\u2019s fixed, should it sit in the middle of the window or to one side?\n\nIf any part of the layout is going to be flexible (get wider and narrower as required), consider how any graphics are affected. Images don\u2019t usually look good if displayed at anything other that their original size, so should they behave? If a column is going to get wider than it\u2019s shown in the Photoshop comp, it may be necessary to provide separate wider versions of any background images.\n\nText size and content volume\n\nA related issue is considering how the layout behaves with both different sizes of text and different volumes of content. Whilst text zooming rather than text resizing is becoming more commonplace as the default behaviour in browsers, it\u2019s still a fundamentally important principal of web design that we are suggesting and not dictating how something should look. Designs must allow for a little give and take in the text size, and how this affects the design needs to be taken into consideration.\n\nKeep in mind that the same font can display differently in different places and platforms. Something as simple as Times will display wider on a Mac than on Windows. However, the main impact of text resizing is the change in how much vertical space copy takes up. This is particularly important where space is limited by the design (making text bigger causes many more problems than making text smaller). Each element from headings to box-outs to navigation items and buttons needs to be able to expand at least vertically, if not horizontally as well. This may require some thought about how elements on the page may wrap onto new lines, as well as again making sure to provide extended versions of any graphical elements.\n\nSimilarly, it\u2019s rare theses days to know exactly what content you\u2019re working with when a site is designed. Many, if not most sites are designed as a series of templates for some kind of content management system, and so designs cannot be tweaked around any specific item of content. Designs must be able to cope with both much greater and much lesser volumes of content that might be thrown in at the lorem ipsum phase.\n\nParticular things to watch out for are things like headings (how do they wrap onto multiple lines) and any user-generated items like usernames. It can be very easy to forget that whilst you might expect something like a username to be 8-12 characters, if the systems powering your site allow for 255 characters they\u2019ll always be someone who\u2019ll go there. Expect them to do so.\n\nAgain, if your site is content managed or not, consider the possibility that the structure might be expanded in the future. Consider how additional items might be added to each level of navigation. Whilst it\u2019s rarely desirable to make significant changes without revisiting the site\u2019s information architecture more thoroughly, it\u2019s an inevitable fact of life that the structure needs a little bit of flexibility to change over time.\n\nInteractions with and without JavaScript\n\nA great number of sites now make good use of JavaScript to streamline the user interface and make everything just that touch more usable. Remember, though, that any developer worth their salt will start by building the interface without JavaScript, get it all working, and then layer that JavaScript on top. This is to allow for users viewing the site without JavaScript available or enabled in their browser.\n\nDesigners need to consider both states of any feature they\u2019re designing \u2013 how it looks and functions with and without JavaScript. If the feature does something fancy with Ajax, consider how the same can be achieved with basic HTML forms, links and intermediary pages. These all need to be designed, because this is how some of your users will interact with the site.\n\nLogged in and logged out states\n\nWhen designing any type of web application or site that has a membership system \u2013 that is to say users can create an account and log into the site \u2013 the design will need to consider how any element is presented in both logged in and logged out states. For some items there\u2019ll be no difference, whereas for others there may be considerable differences.\n\nShould an item be hidden completely not logged out users? Should it look different in some way? Perhaps it should look the same, but prompt the user to log in when they interact with it. If so, what form should that prompt take on and how does the user progress through the authentication process to arrive back at the task they were originally trying to complete?\n\nCouple logged in and logged out states with the possible absence of JavaScript, and every feature needs to be designed in four different states:\n\n\n\tLogged out with JavaScript available\n\tLogged in with JavaScript available\n\tLogged out without JavaScript available\n\tLogged in without JavaScript available\n\n\nFonts\n\nThere are three main causes of war in this world; religions, politics and fonts. I\u2019ve said publicly before that I believe the responsibility for this falls squarely at the feet of Adobe Photoshop. Photoshop, like a mistress at a brothel, parades a vast array of ropey, yet strangely enticing typefaces past the eyes of weak, lily-livered designers, who can\u2019t help but crumble to their curvy charms.\n\nYet, on the web, we have to be a little more restrained in our choice of typefaces. The purest solution is always to make the best use of the available fonts, but this isn\u2019t always the most desirable solution from a design point of view. There are several technical solutions such as techniques that utilise Flash (like sIFR), dynamically generated images and even canvas in newer browsers. Discuss the best approach with your developer, as every different technique has different trade-offs, and this may impact the design in other ways.\n\nMessaging\n\nAny site that has interactive elements, from a simple contact form through to fully featured online software application, involves some kind of user messaging. By this I mean the error messages when something goes wrong and the success and thank-you messages when something goes right. These typically appear as the result of an interaction, so are easy to forget and miss off a Photoshop comp.\n\nFor every form, consider what gets displayed to the user if they make a mistake or miss something out, and also what gets displayed back when the interaction is successful. What do they see and where do the go next?\n\nWith Ajax interactions, the user doesn\u2019t get any visual feedback of the site waiting for a response from the server unless you design it that way. Consider using a \u2018waiting\u2019 or \u2018in progress\u2019 spinner to give the user some visual feedback of any background processes. How should these look? How do they animate?\n\nSimilarly, also consider the big error pages like a 404. With luck, these won\u2019t often be seen, but it\u2019s at the point that they are when careful design matters the most.\n\nForm fields\n\nDepending on the visual style of your site, the look of a browser\u2019s default form fields and buttons can sometimes jar. It\u2019s understandable that many a designer wants to change the way they look. Depending on the browser in question, various things can be done to style form fields and their buttons (although it\u2019s not as flexible as most would like).\n\nA common request is to replace the default buttons with a graphical button. This is usually achievable in most cases, although it\u2019s not easy to get a consistent result across all browsers \u2013 particularly when it comes to vertical positioning and the space surrounding the button. If the layout is very precise, or if space is at a premium, it\u2019s always best to try and live with the browser\u2019s default form controls.\n\nWhichever way you go, it\u2019s important to remember that in general, each form field should have a label, and each form should have a submit button. If you find that your form breaks either of those rules, you should double check.\n\nPractical tips for handing files over\n\nThere are a couple of basic steps that a design can carry out to make sure that the developer has the best chance of implementing the design exactly as envisioned.\n\nIf working with Photoshop of Fireworks or similar comping tool, it helps to group and label layers to make it easy for a developer to see which need to be turned on and off to get to isolate parts of the page and different states of the design. Also, if you don\u2019t work in the same office as your developer (and so they can\u2019t quickly check with you), provide a PDF of each page and state so that your developer can see how each page should look aside from any confusion with quick layers are switched on or off. These also act as a handy quick reference that can be used without firing up Photoshop (which can kill both productivity and your machine).\n\nFinally, provide a colour reference showing the RGB values of all the key colours used throughout the design. Without this, the developer will end up colour-picking from the comps, and could potentially end up with different colours to those you intended. Remember, for a lot of developers, working in a tool like Photoshop is like presenting a designer with an SSH terminal into a web server. It\u2019s unfamiliar ground and easy to get things wrong. Be the expert of your own domain and help your colleagues out when they\u2019re out of their comfort zone. That goes both ways.\n\nIn conclusion\n\nWhen asked the question of how to smooth hand-over between design and development, almost everyone who has experienced this situation could come up with their own list. This one is mine, based on some of the more common experiences we have at edgeofmyseat.com. So in bullet point form, here\u2019s my checklist for handing a design over.\n\n\n\tIs the layout fixed, or fluid?\n\tDoes each element cope with expanding for larger text and more content?\n\tAre all the graphics large enough to cope with an area expanding?\n\tDoes each interactive element have a state for with and without JavaScript?\n\tDoes each element have a state for logged in and logged out users?\n\tHow are any custom fonts being displayed? (and does the developer have the font to use?)\n\tDoes each interactive element have error and success messages designed?\n\tDo all form fields have a label and each form a submit button?\n\tIs your Photoshop comp document well organised?\n\tHave you provided flat PDFs of each state?\n\tHave you provided a colour reference?\n\tAre we having fun yet?", "year": "2008", "author": "Drew McLellan", "author_slug": "drewmclellan", "published": "2008-12-01T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2008/easing-the-path-from-design-to-development/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 130, "title": "Faster Development with CSS Constants", "contents": "Anyone even slightly familiar with a programming language will have come across the concept of constants \u2013 a fixed value that can be used through your code. For example, in a PHP script I might have a constant which is the email address that all emails generated by my application get sent to. \n\n$adminEmail = 'info@example.com';\n\nI could then use $adminEmail in my script whenever I wanted an email to go to that address. The benefit of this is that when the client decides they want the email to go to a different address, I only need change it in one place \u2013 the place where I initially set the constant. I could also quite easily make this value user defined and enable the administrator to update the email address.\n\nUnfortunately CSS doesn\u2019t support constants. It would be really useful to be able to define certain values initially and then use them throughout a CSS file, so in this article I\u2019m going to take a look at some of the methods we do have available and provide pointers to more in depth commentary on each. If you have a different method, or tip to share please add it to the comments.\n\nSo what options do we have?\n\nOne way to get round the lack of constants is to create some definitions at the top of your CSS file in comments, to define \u2018constants\u2019. A common use for this is to create a \u2018color glossary\u2019. This means that you have a quick reference to the colors used in the site to avoid using alternates by mistake and, if you need to change the colors, you have a quick list to go down and do a search and replace. \n\nIn the below example, if I decide I want to change the mid grey to #999999, all I need to do is search and replace #666666 with #999999 \u2013 assuming I\u2019ve remember to always use that value for things which are mid grey.\n\n/*\nDark grey (text): #333333\nDark Blue (headings, links) #000066\nMid Blue (header) #333399\nLight blue (top navigation) #CCCCFF\nMid grey: #666666\n*/\n\nThis is a fairly low-tech method, but if used throughout the development of the CSS files can make changes far simpler and help to ensure consistency in your color scheme.\n\nI\u2019ve seen this method used by many designers however Garrett Dimon documents the method, with more ideas in the comments.\n\nGoing server-side\n\nTo truly achieve constants you will need to use something other than CSS to process the file before it is sent to the browser. You can use any scripting language \u2013 PHP, ASP, ColdFusion etc. to parse a CSS file in which you have entered constants. So that in a constants section of the CSS file you would have:\n\n$darkgrey = '#333333';\n$darkblue = '#000066';\n\nThe rest of the CSS file is as normal except that when you come to use the constant value you would use the constant name instead of adding the color:\n\np {\n\tcolor: $darkgrey;\n}\n\nYour server-side script could then parse the CSS file, replace the constant names with the constant values and serve a valid CSS file to the browser. Christian Heilmann has done just this for PHP however this could be adapted for any language you might have available on your server.\n\nShaun Inman came up with another way \n of doing this that removes the need to link to a PHP script and also enables the adding of constants using the syntax of at-rules . This method is again using PHP and will require you to edit an .htaccess file. \n\nA further method is to generate static CSS files either using a script locally \u2013 if the constants are just to enable speed of development \u2013 or as part of the web application itself. Storing a template stylesheet with constant names in place of the values you will want to update means that your script can simply open the template, replace the variables and save the result as a new stylesheet file.\n\nWhile CSS constants are a real help to developers, they can also be used to add new functionality to your applications. As with the email address example that I used at the beginning of this article, using a combination of CSS and server-side scripting you could enable a site administrator to select the colours for a new theme to be used on a page of a content managed site. By using constants you need only give them the option to change certain parts of the CSS and not upload a whole different CSS file, which could lead to some interesting results!\n\nAs we are unlikely to find real CSS constants under the tree this Christmas the above methods are some possibilities for better management of your stylesheets. However if you have better methods, CSS Constant horror stories or any other suggestions, add your comments below.", "year": "2006", "author": "Rachel Andrew", "author_slug": "rachelandrew", "published": "2006-12-02T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2006/faster-development-with-css-constants/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 324, "title": "Debugging CSS with the DOM Inspector", "contents": "An Inspector Calls\n\nThe larger your site and your CSS becomes, the more likely that you will run into bizarre, inexplicable problems. Why does that heading have all that extra padding? Why is my text the wrong colour? Why does my navigation have a large moose dressed as Noel Coward on top of all the links? \n\nPerhaps you work in a collaborative environment, where developers and other designers are adding code? In which case, the likelihood of CSS strangeness is higher.\n\nYou need to debug. You need Firefox\u2019s wise-guy know-it-all, the DOM Inspector. \n\nThe DOM Inspector knows where everything is in your layout, and more importantly, what causes it to look the way it does. So without further ado, load up any css based site in your copy of Firefox (or Flock for that matter), and launch the DOM Inspector from the Tools menu.\n\nThe inspector uses two main panels \u2013 the left to show the DOM tree of the page, and the right to show you detail:\n\n\n\nThe Inspector will look at whatever site is in the front-most window or tab, but you can also use it without another window. Type in a URL at the top (A), press \u2018Inspect\u2019 (B) and a third panel appears at the bottom, with the browser view. I find this layout handier than looking at a window behind the DOM Inspector.\n\nStep 1 \u2013 find your node!\n\nEach element on your page \u2013 be it a HTML tag or a piece of text, is called a \u2018node\u2019 of the DOM tree. These nodes are all listed in the left hand panel, with any ID or CLASS attribute values next to them.  When you first look at a page, you won\u2019t see all those yet. Nested HTML elements (such as a link inside a paragraph) have a reveal triangle next to their name, clicking this takes you one level further down. \n\nThis can be fine for finding the node you want to look at, but there are easier ways. Say you have a complex rounded box technique that involves 6 nested DIVs? You\u2019d soon get tired of clicking all those triangles to find the element you want to inspect. Click the top left icon \u00a9 \u2013 \u201cFind a node to inspect by clicking on it\u201d and then select the area you want to inspect. Boom! All that drilling down the DOM tree has been done for you! Huzzah!\n\nIf you\u2019re looking for an element that you know has an ID (such as <ul id=\"navigation\">), or a specific HTML tag or attribute, click the binoculars icon (D) for \u201cFinds a node to inspect by ID, tag or attribute\u201d (You can also use Ctrl-F or Apple-F to do this if the DOM Inspector is the frontmost window) :\n\n\n\nType in the name and Bam! You\u2019re there! Pressing F3 will take you to any other instances. Notice also, that when you click on a node in the inspector, it highlights where it is in the browser view with a flashing red border!\n\nNow that we\u2019ve found the troublesome node on the page, we can find out what\u2019s up with it\u2026\n\nStep 2 \u2013 Debug that node!\n\nOnce the node is selected, we move over to the right hand panel. Choose \u2018CSS Style Rules\u2019 from the document menu (E), and all the CSS rules that apply to that node are revealed, in the order that they load:\n\n\n\nYou\u2019ll notice that right at the top, there is a CSS file you might not recognise, with a file path beginning with \u201cresource://\u201d. This is the browsers default CSS, that creates the basic rendering. You can mostly ignore this, especially if use the star selector method of resetting default browser styles. \n\nYour style sheets come next. See how helpful it is? It even tells you the line number where to find the related CSS rules! If you use CSS shorthand, you\u2019ll notice that the values are split up (e.g margin-left, margin-right etc.). \n\nNow that you can see all the style rules affecting that node, the rest is up to you! Happy debugging!", "year": "2005", "author": "Jon Hicks", "author_slug": "jonhicks", "published": "2005-12-22T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2005/debugging-css-with-the-dom-inspector/", "topic": "process"}
{"rowid": 4, "title": "Credits and Recognition", "contents": "A few weeks ago, I saw a friendly little tweet from a business congratulating a web agency on being nominated for an award. The business was quite happy for them and proud to boot \u2014 they commented on how the same agency designed their website, too.\n\nWhat seemed like a nice little shout-out actually made me feel a little disappointed. Why? In reality, I knew that the web agency didn\u2019t actually design the site \u2014 I did, when I worked at a different agency responsible for the overall branding and identity.\n\nI certainly wasn\u2019t disappointed at the business \u2014 after all, saying that someone designed your site when they were responsible for development is an easy mistake to make. Chances are, the person behind the tweets and status updates might not even know the difference between words like design and development. \n\nWhat really disappointed me was the reminder of how many web workers out there never explain their roles in a project when displaying work in a portfolio. If you\u2019re strictly a developer and market yourself as such, there might be less room for confusion, but things can feel a little deceptive if you offer a wide range of services yet never credit the other players when collaboration is part of the game. Unfortunately, this was the case in this situation. Whatever happened to credit where credit\u2019s due?\n\nAdvertising attribution\n\nHave you ever thumbed through an advertising annual or browsed through the winners of an advertising awards website, like the campaign below from Kopenhagen Chocolate on Advertising Age? If so, it\u2019s likely that you\u2019ve noticed some big differences in how the work is credited.\n\n Everyone involved in a creative advertising project is mentioned.\n\nArt directors, writers, creative directors, photographers, illustrators and, of course, the agency all get a fair shot at fifteen minutes of fame. Why can\u2019t we take this same idea and introduce it to our own showcases?\n\nCrediting on client sites\n\nAh, the good old days of web rings, guestbooks, and under construction GIFs, when slipping in a cheeky \u201cdesigned by\u201d link in the footer of your masterpiece was just another common practice. These days most clients, especially larger companies and corporations, aren\u2019t willing to have any names on their site except their own. \n\nIf you\u2019d still like to leave a little proof of authorship on a website, consider adding a humans.txt file to the root of the site and, if possible, add an author tag in the <head> of the site:\n\n<link type=\"text/plain\" rel=\"author\" href=\"http://domain/humans.txt\">\n\nIt\u2019s a great way to add more detailed information than just a meta name without being intrusive. The example on the humanstxt.org website serves to act as a guideline, but how much detail you add is completely up to you and your team.\n\n Part of the humans.txt file on humanstxt.org\n\nAlternatively, you can use the HTML5 rel=\"author\" attribute to link to information about the author of the page in the form of a mailto: address, a link to a contact form, or a separate authors page.\n\nCrediting in portfolios\n\nWhile humans.txt is a great approach when you\u2019re authoring a site, it\u2019s even more important to clearly define your role in your own portfolio. \n\nWhile I believe it\u2019s proper etiquette to include the names of folks you collaborated with, sometimes it might not be necessary (or even possible) to list every single person, especially if you\u2019ve worked with a large agency. \n\n\u201cFake it till you make it\u201d is not a term that should apply to your portfolio. Clearly stating your own responsibilities means that nobody else browsing your work samples will assume that you did more than your actual share, and being ambiguous about your role isn\u2019t fair to yourself, or others. \n\nBefore adding any work to your portfolio, ensure that you have permission from your client. Even if you included a clause in your contract about being allowed to post your work online, it\u2019s always best to double-check. Sometimes you might not know if your work has been officially launched, and leaking something before it\u2019s ready is bound to make a client frown.\n\nExamples\n\nThere are plenty of portfolios out there that we can use for inspiration. Here are some examples that I like from other folks in the web industry:\n\nAnna Debenham\n\n In her portfolio, Anna outlines her responsibilities and those of others.\n\nIn the description, Anna clearly explains her duties of doing the HTML and CSS, along with performing research and testing the prototype in schools. She also credits Laura Kalbag for the design work.\n\nNaomi Atkinson Design\n\nThe work portfolio of Naomi Atkinson Design is short and to the point \u2014 they were responsible for the iPhone app design and IA for Artspotter.\n\n The portfolio of Naomi Atkinson Design states clearly what they did.\n\nAmber Weinberg\n\nAmber Weinberg is strictly a developer, but a potential client could see her portfolio and assume she might be a designer as well. To avoid any misunderstandings, she states her roles up front in a section called \u201cWhat I Did,\u201d supported by examples of her code.\n\n Amber Weinberg sets out all her roles in each of her portfolio\u2019s case studies.\n\nWhat if someone doesn\u2019t want to be credited?\n\nLet\u2019s face it \u2014 we\u2019ve all been there. A project, for whatever reason, turns out to be an absolute disaster and we don\u2019t feel like it\u2019s an accurate representation of the quality of our work. \n\nIf you\u2019re crediting someone else but suspect they might rather pretend it never happened, be sure to drop them a line and ask if they\u2019d like to be included. And, if someone contacts you and asks to remove their name, don\u2019t feel offended \u2014 just politely remove it.\n\nGet updating!\n\nNow that the holiday season is almost here, many of you might be planning to set aside some time for personal projects. Grab yourself a gingerbread latte and get those portfolios up to date. Remember, It doesn\u2019t have to be long-winded, just honest. Happy holidays!", "year": "2013", "author": "Geri Coady", "author_slug": "gericoady", "published": "2013-12-16T00:00:00+00:00", "url": "https://24ways.org/2013/credits-and-recognition/", "topic": "process"}